The Effect of a Restraint Reduction Program on Physical Restraint Rates in Rehabilitation Settings in Hong Kong

Table 2

(a) Sample profile of study and control sites (I)

				Age	No. of diagnoses	MMSE	MBI	Morse fall scale
Intervention site	Preintervention phase	𝑛=398	Mean ± SD	75.42 ± 10.71	3.05 ± 1.45^a	16.74 ± 7.00	12.67 ± 5.54	30.33 ± 17.13
			Median/range	77/31–100	3/1–7	17/0–30	13/0–20	25/0–80
	Postintervention phase	𝑛=612	Mean ± SD	74.80 ± 10.57	3.15 ± 1.50^b	16.42 ± 7.15	11.99 ± 5.12	31.54 ± 17.13^a
			Median/range	76/23–98	3/1–9	16/0–30	13/0–20	25/0–90
			𝑃^∗	0.200	0.286	0.375	0.016	0.239
Control site	Preintervention phase	𝑛=148	Mean ± SD	59.14 ± 17.35	1.80 ± 1.159	25.37 ± 5.26	15.07 ± 3.20	20.74 ± 15.45
			Median/range	64/17–88	1/1–7	27/0–30	15/4–20	15/0–80
	Postintervention phase	𝑛=155	Mean ± SD	62.90 ± 17.73^c	1.93 ± 1.21	24.39 ± 6.53	15.07 ± 3.41	30.26 ± 16.91
			Median/range	67/15–93	2/1–7	27/4–30	16/3–20	25/0–75
			𝑃^∗	0.039	0.284	0.583	0.485	<.001

MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MBI: Morse Fall Scale.
*Mann-Whitney U test, significant at 0.05.
^aOne missing subject.
^bThree missing subjects.
^cOne missing subject.

(b) Sample profile of study and control sites (II)

	Study site					Control site
	Before intervention		After intervention		(X^2)	Before intervention		After intervention		(X^2)
	𝑛=398	%	𝑛=612	%	𝑃-value	𝑛=148	%	𝑛=155	%	𝑃-value
Gender
M	185	46.5	300	49	0.43	62	41.9	54	34.8	0.207
F	213	53.5	312	51		86	58.1	101	65.2
Psychoactive drug
Yes	13	3.3	14	2.3	0.346	3	2	0	0	0.075
No	385	96.7	598	97.7		145	98	155	100
Vision
Normal	156	39.2	308	51. 2	<0.001	63	42.6	68	43.9	0.819
Impaired	242	60.8	293	48.8		85	57.4	87	56.1
Hearing
Normal	330	82.9	502	83.5	0.729	131	88.5	132	85.2	0.389
Impaired	68	17.1	99	16.5		17	11.5	23	14.8
Restraint status
Never^a	270	67.8	309	50.5	<0.001	142	95.9	134	86.5	0.01
Intermittent^b	36	9	147	24		4	2.7	9	5.8
Continuous^c	92	23.1	152	24.8		2	1.4	12	7.7
Type of restraint
Lap table	61	48	118	39.2	0.334	0	0	2	9.5	0.008
Vest	11	8.7	26	8.6		1	16.7	3	14.3
Wrist	0	0	1	0.3		—	—	—	—
Pelvic belt	—	—	—	—		2	33.3	0	0
Waist belt	—	—	—	—		2	33.3	3	14.3
Mittens	—	—	—	—		1	16.7	0	0
Others (bed rails)	55	43.3	156	51.8		0	0	13	61.9
History of fall in hospital
Yes	2	0.5	6	1	0.402	7	4.7	10	6.5	0.515
No	396	99.5	606	99		141	95.3	145	93.5

𝑃-values: a versus b in Control site: <0.001, b versus c: <0.001, a versus c: <0.001.
𝑃-values: a versus b in Study site: <0.001, b versus c: <0.001, a versus c: 0.013.