Healing Pathways: A Program for Women with Physical Disabilities and Depression

Table 2

(a) Intervention group, (b) wait-list group.

(a)

	Pretest			Posttest			6-week followup			3-month followup
Measures	Time 0			Time 1			Time 2			Time 3
	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD
Primary outcome
Depressive symptom score	44	1.71	0.52	40	1.08	0.64	42	1.03	0.61	41	0.99	0.54
Secondary outcome
(i) Coping and problem-solving
(a) Active coping	44	2.92	0.86	39	3.36	0.69	42	3.18	0.75	41	3.35	0.64
(b) Substance use	44	1.5	0.93	39	1.28	0.65	42	1.18	0.43	41	1.17	0.4
(c) Emotional support	44	2.35	0.8	40	3.08	0.79	42	2.92	0.87	41	2.88	0.88
(d) Instrumental support	44	2.55	0.87	40	3.03	0.84	42	2.75	0.86	41	2.83	0.86
(e) Positive reframing	44	2.59	0.88	40	3.35	0.77	42	3.26	0.77	41	3.29	0.8
(f) Self-blame	44	3.02	0.81	40	1.99	0.65	42	2.08	0.73	41	2.05	0.84
(ii) Health behavior
(a) Spirituality	44	2.4	0.51	40	2.92	0.5	42	2.94	0.54	41	2.98	0.55
(b) Interpersonal relation	44	2.57	0.47	40	2.84	0.46	42	2.98	0.48	41	2.96	0.5
(c) Stress management	44	2.25	0.54	40	2.58	0.45	42	2.67	0.49	41	2.67	0.56
(iii) Loneliness	44	2.77	0.46	40	2.34	0.5	42	2.3	0.48	41	2.26	0.48
(iv) Rosenberg global self-esteem	44	2.48	0.55	40	2.77	0.49	42	2.79	0.5	41	2.78	0.53
(v) Body Image and sexual self-esteem	44	24.25	7.46	40	30.3	7.4	42	30.21	8.14	41	30.39	9.09
Covariates
(i) Physical dependency	44	0.61	0.34	40	0.59	0.37	42	0.59	0.39	41	0.6	0.37
(ii) Substance abuse	44	1.5	1.45	40	1.5	1.48	42	1.33	1.37	41	1.29	1.45
(iii) Pain and fatigue	44	6.5	2.16	40	5.88	2.43	42	5.83	2.29	41	5.78	2.21

(b)  

Measures		Pretest		Control/nonintervention									Intervention
				Posttest			6-week followup			3-month followup			Posttest			6-week followup			3-month followup
		Time 0		Time 1			Time 2			Time 3			Time 4			Time 5			Time 6
	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD	𝑁	Mean	SD
Primary outcome
Depressive symptom score	36	1.37	0.5	33	1.38	0.5	32	1.29	0.7	30	1.35	0.56	20	1.01	0.6	26	1.19	0.73	24	1.08	0.6
Secondary outcome
(i) Coping and problem-solving
(a) Active coping	36	2.85	0.8	33	2.94	0.9	32	3.02	0.96	30	3	0.81	20	3.48	0.6	26	3.29	0.81	24	3.23	0.85
(b) Substance use	36	1.24	0.6	33	1.3	0.8	32	1.23	0.75	30	1.37	0.81	20	1.08	0.2	26	1.17	0.62	24	1.06	0.22
(c) Emotional support	36	2.4	0.8	33	2.38	1	32	2.52	0.91	30	2.55	0.86	20	3.15	0.8	26	2.88	0.98	24	2.9	0.83
(d) Instrumental support	36	2.38	0.9	33	2.47	1	32	2.64	0.99	30	2.43	0.98	20	3.15	0.8	26	2.67	0.99	24	2.69	0.83
(e) Positive reframing	36	2.68	0.9	33	2.67	1	32	2.83	0.89	30	2.67	0.79	20	3.23	0.7	26	2.73	0.96	24	2.79	0.88
(f) Self-blame	36	2.76	1.1	33	2.56	1.1	32	2.58	1.06	30	2.78	1.1	20	2.08	0.7	26	2.15	0.89	24	2.27	1.01
(ii) Health behavior
(a) Spirituality	36	2.66	0.6	33	2.62	0.6	32	2.74	0.58	30	2.67	0.6	20	3.08	0.5	26	3.02	0.54	24	2.95	0.55
(b) Interpersonal relation	36	2.7	0.5	33	2.65	0.5	32	2.79	0.56	30	2.67	0.47	20	2.97	0.4	26	2.97	0.54	24	2.89	0.55
(c) Stress management	36	2.25	0.4	33	2.27	0.6	32	2.45	0.54	30	2.36	0.56	20	2.69	0.5	26	2.53	0.61	24	2.51	0.59
(iii) Loneliness	36	2.65	0.5	33	2.62	0.5	32	2.48	0.44	30	2.62	0.44	20	2.29	0.5	26	2.36	0.45	24	2.45	0.56
(iv) Rosenberg global self-esteem	36	2.4	0.6	33	2.45	0.7	32	2.53	0.65	30	2.49	0.71	20	2.84	0.6	26	2.74	0.75	24	2.72	0.69
(v) Body Image and sexual self-esteem	36	27.11	7.7	33	28.39	8.9	31	28.48	9.34	30	28.43	9.51	20	31.9	7.3	26	31.9	7.68	24	30.27	7.31
Covariates
(i) Physical dependency	36	0.72	0.6	33	0.81	0.5	32	0.64	0.48	30	0.73	0.56	20	0.68	0.5	26	0.67	0.54	24	0.66	0.57
(ii) Substance abuse	33	1.67	1.5	31	1.77	1.4	30	1.33	1.45	29	1.59	1.57	20	1.05	1.4	25	1.48	1.64	23	1.39	1.5
(iii) Pain and fatigue	36	6.22	2.1	33	6.06	2.3	32	6.06	1.54	30	6.2	2.27	20	5.55	2.2	26	5.5	1.84	24	4.79	2.04