Effects of Seated Postural Stability and Trunk and Upper Extremity Strength on Performance during Manual Wheelchair Propulsion Tests in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Study

Table 2

Summary of outcome measures.

(a)

Wheelchair performance tests	Mean (SD)	[Min; max]
Timed 20 m propulsion test (s)
Natural velocity	15.67 (2.47)	[10.99–20.01]
Maximal velocity	10.16 (2.14)	[8.43–16.36]
Timed slalom test (s)	18.55 (4.63)	[15.21; 29.42]
6 min propulsion test (m)	518.5 (121.7)	[256.5; 771.5]
Static trunk strength (Nm/kg)	Mean (SD)	[Min–max]
Anterior flexion	0.28 (0.18)	[0.03–0.58]
Extension	0.36 (0.22)	[0.10–0.85]
Right lateral flexion	0.27 (0.10)	[0.09–0.44]
Left lateral flexion	0.31 (0.11)	[0.13–0.56]
Seated reaching test (cm)	Mean (SD)	[Min–max]
Anterior	39.31 (17.69)	[3.60–66.29]
Right lateral	9.48 (4.41)	[1.90–16.55]
Left lateral	8.98 (4.14)	[3.67–17.9]
Right anterolateral	12.49 (10.19)	[1.60–37.68]
Left anterolateral	12.11 (11.04)	[3.40–51.80]

(b)

Upper extremity strength (Nm/kg)	Strongest side		Weakest side
	Mean (SD)	[Min–max]	Mean (SD)	[Min; max]
Shoulder
Flexors	0.73 (0.14)	[0.45–1.00]	0.67 (0.15)	[0.34–0.93]
Extensors	0.96 (0.25)	[0.33–1.23]	0.87 (0.26)	[0.22–1.14]
Abductors	0.91 (0.21)	[0.57–1.43]	0.82 (0.19)	[0.52–1.31]
Adductors	0.83 (0.25)	[0.24–1.10]	0.71 (0.23)	[0.15–1.00]
External rotators	0.52 (0.14)	[0.25–0.74]	0.43 (0.09)	[0.19–0.58]
Internal rotators	0.65 (0.22)	[0.24–1.02]	0.52 (0.17)	[0.13–0.79]
Elbow
Flexors	0.92 (0.24)	[0.53–1.31]	0.84 (0.24)	[0.48–1.19]
Extensors	0.56 (0.23)	[0.00–0.82]	0.49 (0.21)	[0.00–0.81]
Handgrip (kg)	41.0 (20.2)	[0.00–70.2]	36.8 (19.4)	[0.00–69.8]