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| Source | Participants | Intervention | Comparator | Sessions | Primary outcome | Blinding | Main findings |
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| Lum et al., 2002 [7] | 27 patients with chronic hemiparesis | Robotic mirror therapy | Neurodevelopmental therapy | 24 sessions during 2 months | No | Simple blinding (outcome raters) | The robot group had larger improvements in a portion of the Fugl-Meyer test after 1 and 2 months of treatment, in strength and larger increases in reach extent after 2 months. At the 6-month follow-up, the groups no longer differed in terms of the Fugl-Meyer test; however, the robot group had larger improvements in the FIM™. |
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| Lum et al., 2006 [25] | 30 subacute stroke patients | Robot-assisted treatment (unilateral, bilateral or combined) | Neurodevelopmental therapy | 15 sessions during 4 weeks | No | Simple blinding (outcome raters) | Robotic training compared with conventional therapy produced larger improvements on a motor impairment scale and a measure of abnormal synergies. However, gains in all treatment groups were equivalent at the 6-month follow-up. |
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| Burgar et al., 2011 [26] | 54 hemiparetic patients | Usual care and robot-assisted therapy (low or high dose) | Usual care and additional conventional therapy | 15 to 30 sessions during 3 weeks | Fugl-Meyer Assessment | Simple blinding (outcome raters) | Gains in the primary outcome measure were not significantly different between groups at follow-up. |
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| Liao et al., 2011 [81] | 20 post stroke patients | Robot-assisted therapy | Dose-matched active control therapy | 20 sessions during 4 weeks | Ratio of
mean activity between the impaired and unimpaired arm | Simple blinding (outcome rater) | The robot-assisted therapy group significantly increased motor function, hemiplegic arm activity and bilateral arm coordination compared with the dose-matched active control group. |
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| Kang et al., 2017 [27] | 21 post stroke patients with central facial paresis | Orofacial exercise and mirror therapy using a tablet PC | Orofacial exercise | Twice daily for 14 days | No | No blinding | The degree of improvement of facial movement was significantly larger in the mirror group than in the control group. |
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