Effects of Stochastic Resonance Whole-Body Vibration in Individuals with Unilateral Brain Lesion: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial: Whole-Body Vibration and Neuromuscular Function

Table 3

Results for the within- and between-group comparisons (Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively) of the primary and secondary outcome parameters. Statistical significance was accepted at the p≤0.025 level (Bonferroni corrected).

Parameter	Within-group comparisons				Between-group comparisons; Experimental group vs sham group
	Short-term effects		Long-term effects
	(pre vs post 1)		(pre vs post 2)
	Experimental; group	Sham; group	Experimental; group	Sham; group	pre	post 1	post 2
MVIC	.092	.543	.022	.761	.580	.789	.344
RFD	.034	.429	.904	.670	.566	.680	.442
Sway distance ml	.162	.989	.130	.027	.773	.571	.523
Sway distance ap	.932	.511	.230	.001	.765	.877	.464
Sway velocity ml	.511	.548	.627	.170	.063	.138	.023
Sway velocity ap	.304	.153	.211	.010	.452	.076	.152
Gait velocity	.005	.009	.001	< .001	.898	.924	.711
Step length al	.001	< .001	< .001	< .001	.782	.907	.270
Step length ul	.002	.006	< .001	< .001	.565	.551	.621
Stance phase al	< .001	< .001	.002	.001	.580	.924	.257
Stance phase ul	.301	.483	.004	< .001	.890	.815	.805
Balance TA	.034	.149	.420	.548	.655	.766	.916
Balance VM	.013	.424	.478	.116	.655	.865	.483
Balance VL	.039	.808	.247	.056	.595	.848	.782
Balance GM	< .001	.192	.028	.689	.181	.234	.982
Balance SOL	.241	.236	.099	.408	.566	.595	.666
Gait TA	.274	.073	.446	.025	.285	.100	.860
Gait VM	.001	.658	.243	.133	.789	.958	.125
Gait VL	.046	.809	.841	.053	.733	.774	.034
Gait GM	.601	.126	.811	.794	.308	.204	.580
Gait SOL	.970	.550	.157	.445	.521	.871	.536
FES-I	.703	.119	< .001	< .001	.415	.672	.474
NIHSS	-	-	.039	.013	.909	-	.983
EBI	-	-	< .001	< .001	.733	-	.852

Pre: baseline, post 1: immediately after first SR-WBV intervention, post 2: after two weeks of SR-WBV intervention, vs: versus, MVIC: maximum voluntary isometric contraction, N: Newton, RFD: rate of force development, ml: mediolateral, ap: anterior-posterior, al: affected leg, ul: unaffected leg, TA: tibialis anterior, VM: vastus medialis, VL: vastus lateralis, GM: gastrocnemius medialis, SOL: soleus, FES-I: Falls Efficacy Scale International, NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and EBI: Extended Barthel Index.