|
| Author/publication year/age group | Number of cases | Number of controls/cohort | Findings |
|
| Case-control studies |
|
Buckley et al., 1998 [10], (<21 yrs) | 153 | 153 | Inverse association with asthma. Looked at diseases and treatments, but not specifically medications. Earlier growth spurt and lower gain in weight and height among males but ES females no differences between cases and controls during growth spurt associations between GU anomalies and ES could not be confirmed. |
| Hartley et al., 1988 [9], (<15 yrs) | 43 soft tissue & bone cancers (16 ES) | 146 | Developmental anomalies in 5 ES children: 1 meningomyelocele; 1 with an absent kidney and ureter. Medications were evaluated first month of life, 1–5 months, ≥6 months and grouped as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, anti-allergic, bronchodilators, decongestants, cough suppressants and expectorants, and drugs for GI disorders. |
| Holly et al., 1992 [11], (<31 yrs) | 43 | 193 | Agricultural exposures, overdose of medications or accidental ingestion of poisonings |
| Winn et al., 1992 [12], (5 mos–22 yrs) | 208 | 395 | Hernias ~6 times more than expected, (OR 5.7; 95% Cl, 1.7–19.3) and also excess of cardiac conditions which however were mostly functional heart murmurs |
| Valery et al., 2003 [16], (most <20 yrs, ~75%) | 106 | 344 | Disorders of the digestive tract, behavioral hyperactivity and disorder of male organs (hydrocele and cryptorchidism) were also more frequent in cases but were not statistically significant. Only hernia excess achieved statistical significance (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2–7.6). Inverse association with asthma; deficit of bone disorders in cases (mostly fractures); also less frequent family history of stomach and neuroectodermal cancers.
Authors state inverse association with medications: Use of medication and medical procedures steroids 9 cases, 30 controls 1.2 (0.5–2.9) anti-epileptic 1 case, 4 controls 0.9 (0.1–9.3) antibiotic 95 cases, 324 controls 0.6 (0.3–1.5) vermicide 62 cases, 246 controls 0.5 (0.3–0.8) hormone 6 cases, 51 controls 0.5 (0.2–1.5) |
|
| Cohort studies: case series or registries |
| Pendergrass et al. 1984 [19], (≤18 yrs) | 291 | n/a | No strong association with stature |
| Cope et al. 2000 [13], (<46 yrs) | 306 | n/a | 13 inguinal hernias, also 14 bony anomalies, 5 undescended testes, 1 abnormal kidney, 6 duplication of ureters, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (which is associated with pituitary tumors) |
| Narod et al., 1997 [14], (<15), | 396 ES (out of 20,304 cancers) | 23 (5.8% anomalies) | National Registry Britain for Childhood Tumors (NRCT) and the BC British Registry for anomalies for presence of anomalies note in this study CNS PNETs were classified with medulloblastomas not part of ES. 2 cases osteogenic imperfecta. (confirmed previous associations that McKeen et al. [15] found) |
| McKeen et al., 1983 [15], (<46 yrs) | 154 (23 cases ES) | | Genitourinary, musculoskeletal. 56 development anomalies, 19 GU, of 99 males, 2 with unilateral cryptorchidism, 2 hypospadias, 5 of 55 females with unilateral ureter duplications, 8 rib anomalies, 7 vertebral defects, 4 with benign bone neoplasms (2 at primary ESFT site were bone cyst and enchondroma) |
|
Glass and Fraumeni 1970 [20] (<15 yrs) | 146 (out of 396 childhood cancers) | | Hospital series, 2 spina bifida (1 with café au lait spots), osteoid osteoma, bone cysts, cryptorchidism, varicocele, Meckel’s diverticulum, colonic polyps w/accessory spleen, congenital pulmonic stenosis, pulmonic valve 4 cusps, 1 mongolism (Down syndrome), 2 mothers of ES pts had multiple sclerosis; thyroidectomy for goiters in 2 mothers of ES pts. |
|
Beyaert et al., 2013 [21] | | | Rib anomalies ES with high incidence of cervical ribs. 17.1% (not confirmed by other studies) |
|
| Pooled analysis and meta-analysis of studies regarding hernias in association with ESFT |
| Valery et al. 2003 [16] | 199 cases | 1,451 controls | Association with hernias, umbilical, inguinal, and congenital. The primary endpoint was development of a tumor from the Ewing’s sarcoma family. 138 patients with such a tumor and 574 controls were included in the pooled analysis, and 357 patients with these tumors and 745 controls were included in the meta-analysis. |
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