Using the Spleen as an In Vivo Systemic Immune Barometer Alongside Osteosarcoma Disease Progression and Immunotherapy with α-PD-L1

Figure 1

Osteosarcoma induces systemic immunomodulation in splenic LLC populations at 11 weeks. The spleens of TF tumor-bearing (n = 5) and SH (n = 4) mice were harvested at time of metastatic disease (approximately 11 weeks) after inoculation and analyzed via flow cytometry for LLC immunophenotyping. The data spread of the following percent populations (a) CD45⁺NKp46⁺ NK cells and (b) CD45⁺CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs between groups are displayed. (c) Data spread of TCES (total PD-1 and Tim-3 expression normalized to total percent T-lymphocyte population) for each group. An asterisk denotes statistical significance () between groups as determined by a two-tailed Student’s T-test with Bonferroni correction and 95% confidence. LLC: lymphoid lineage cell; TF: transfected; SH: sham; NK: natural killer; Treg: T regulatory cell; TCES: T-cell exhaustion status; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; Tim-3: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3.

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