Effect of Resident and Fellow Involvement on Outcomes of Sarcoma Surgery: A NSQIP Database Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Baseline patient characteristics, stratified by trainee presence.

	No trainee	Trainee	value
	N = 24	N = 135
Age	56 (37–73)	52 (35–65)	0.34
Male sex	13 (54.2%)	81 (60.0%)	0.65
Race			0.55
White	18 (75.0%)	102 (75.6%)
Black	2 (8.3%)	11 (8.1%)
Asian	2 (8.3%)	4 (3.0%)
Other and unreported	2 (8.3%)	18 (13.3%)
Body mass index (BMI)	27.94 (5.07)	28.52 (6.18)	0.66
Hypertension	3 (12.5%)	52 (38.5%)	0.02
Diabetes	0 (0.0%)	14 (10.4%)	0.13
Smoker	5 (20.8%)	29 (21.5%)	1.00
Alcohol use	1 (4.2%)	1 (0.7%)	0.28
Cardiac comorbidity	1 (4.2%)	6 (4.4%)	1.00
Previous PCI	0 (0.0%)	3 (2.2%)	1.00
Previous cardiac surgery	1 (4.2%)	2 (1.5%)	0.39
History of angina	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.7%)	1.00
History of PVD	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.7%)	1.00
Pulmonary comorbidity	0 (0.0%)	8 (5.9%)	0.61
Dyspnea	0 (0.0%)	6 (4.4%)	0.59
History of COPD	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.5%)	1.00
Neurologic comorbidity	0 (0.0%)	9 (6.7%)	0.36
Hemiplegia	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.7%)	1.00
History of TIA	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.7%)	1.00
History of CVA with deficit	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.5%)	1.00
History of CVA without deficit	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.5%)	1.00
Tumor in CNS	0 (0.0%)	4 (3.0%)	1.00
Wound comorbidity	1 (4.2%)	18 (13.3%)	0.31
Preoperative wound infection	0 (0.0%)	7 (5.2%)	0.60
Wound classification other than “Clean”	1 (4.2%)	13 (9.6%)	0.70
Hematologic comorbidity	3 (12.5%)	13 (9.6%)	0.71
Bleeding disposition	2 (8.3%)	8 (5.9%)	0.65
Transfusion of ≥1 U of whole/packed RBCs in 72 hr prior to surgery	1 (4.2%)	5 (3.7%)	1.00
ASA classification	1.38 (0.58)	1.51 (0.71)	0.38
Functional status other than “Independent”	0 (0.0%)	5 (3.7%)	1.00
>10% loss of body weight in last 6 months	0 (0.0%)	8 (5.9%)	0.61
Disseminated cancer	5 (20.8%)	34 (25.2%)	0.80
Preoperative chemotherapy or radiation	5 (20.8%)	34 (25.2%)	0.80
Chemotherapy for malignancy in <=30 days pre-op	2 (8.3%)	28 (20.7%)	0.25
Radiotherapy for malignancy in <=90 days pre-op	3 (12.5%)	10 (7.4%)	0.42
Steroid use for chronic condition	0 (0.0%)	5 (3.7%)	1.00
Prior operation in <=30 days pre-op	0 (0.0%)	3 (2.2%)	1.00
Days from hospital admission to operation	1.74 (±2.47)	2.77 (±2.68)	0.35
Emergency surgery	1 (4.2%)	1 (0.7%)	0.28
Malignancy	16 (66.7%)	113 (83.7%)	0.084
Lower extremity surgery	13 (54.2%)	102 (75.6%)	0.046
General anesthesia	23 (95.8%)	127 (94.1%)	1.00
Total wRVUs	28.36 (±2.04)	42.51 (±1.76)	0.002

Data are presented as mean (SD) for “Body Mass Index,” or geometric mean (±geometric SD) for “Days from hospital admission to operation” and “Total wRVUs,” or median (IQR) for “Age,” and n (%) for categorical measures. Student’s t-test was used for “Body Mass Index” and “ASA class,” the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for other continuous measures, and Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical measures. The following baseline variables tracked by the ACS NSQIP database had no occurrences in this cohort and are excluded from the table: history of congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease with rest pain, ventilator dependence, preoperative pneumonia, preoperative coma, impaired sensorium, paraplegia, quadriplegia, and preoperative sepsis. CVA = cerebrovascular accident, TIA = transient ischemic attack, PCI = percutaneous cardiac intervention, PVD = peripheral vascular disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CNS = central nervous system, and wRVUs = work relative value units. .