Abstract
A chemical vapor transport (CVT) method was implemented to grow bulk ZnO crystals. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscope (OM) studies were carried out to characterize the surface properties of the grown crystal. The XRD result indicated the exposed solid-vapor interface of the as-grown crystal was composed of (0001) and faces. Using SEM and OM, we observed small hexagonal pyramids and microstructures formed of crosslines on the as-grown crystal and found hexagonal thermal etching pits on the surfaces of seed crystals. The formation, evolution, and distribution mechanisms of the microstructures were investigated.
1. Introduction
Wurtzite ZnO is a direct wide bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap energy of about 3.37 eV at room temperature and has a large free exciton binding energy of about 60 meV [1–3]. It has attracted considerable attention due to its promising applications in laser diodes for blue and UV spectral regions, transparent field effect transistors, and RT polariton lasers. Besides, ZnO single crystals can be used as substrates for the heteroepitaxial growth of GaN, which presents a lattice mismatch less than 1.8%.
To date, bulk ZnO single crystals have been grown via a hydrothermal (HT) method [4–6], pressurized melt method [7, 8], flux method [9–11], and chemical vapor transport (CVT) method [9, 10, 12, 13]. Among them, CVT method is suitable for high-purity ZnO crystals grown at the relatively low temperature. The advantageous feature of this method is the purification effect during vapor transport. Using carbon as the transport agent, several research groups have grown high-quality ZnO crystals successfully. A lot of research has been carried out on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CVT ZnO crystals [13–17]. However, there is scarce literature dealing with the surface properties and morphology of ZnO crystals grown from the vapor phase. To our knowledge, there is no report of hexagonal pyramids and regular microstructures formed of crosslines on the crystallization front of the CVT ZnO bulk crystals. The shape of crystallization front is known to determine the growth stability of the crystal. Thus, it is important to investigate the morphology and the growth mechanism of growth interface.
In this work, we focus on the microstructures appearing on the surface of a CVT ZnO crystal. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscope (OM) studies were carried out to characterize the surface properties of the obtained crystal. The formation, evolution, and distribution mechanisms of the microstructures were investigated. The conclusions may be helpful for improvement of the growth techniques of CVT ZnO crystals.
2. Experiment
A horizontal CVT system was used for the growth of ZnO single crystals, as shown in Figure 1. Approximately 10 g of ZnO polycrystalline materials with about 0.12 g graphite powder were placed in a fused-silica ampoule and then evaporated to 10−4 Pa. After sealing, the ampoule was placed in a horizontal tube furnace. The seed crystal was located at one end of the ampoule, while the source materials were placed at the other end of the ampoule. In our CVT growth system, the exposed seed surface was (0001) face, and a silica sample holder was placed next to the seed crystal to fix the seed. The growth experiments were carried out under the source temperature Ts = 1010°C and the growth temperature Tg = 980°C. Growth period was 2 weeks.
The crystalline property of the obtained crystal was examined using X-ray diffraction (Philips X’Pert PRO, Cu Kα radiation, λ = 0.154 nm). The surface morphology of the crystal was characterized using FE-SEM (Quanta 250, FEI) and OM (BX61-32FDIC-S08, OLYMPUS).
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 2 shows the photograph of the obtained crystal ingot, which consists of two parts: the as-grown crystal and the seed crystal. Figure 3 shows the SEM photograph of the area containing both the as-grown crystal and the seed crystal.
Figures 4(a)–4(d) show OM and SEM photographs of the as-grown crystal with different resolution. The microstructures formed of many crosslines are observed with low resolution. Small hexagonal pyramids are found with high resolution.
(a) OM picture of the as-grown crystal with enlargement of 200 times
(b) SEM picture of the as-grown crystal with enlargement of 250 times
(c) SEM picture of the as-grown crystal with enlargement of 4000 times
(d) SEM picture of the as-grown crystal with enlargement of 30000 times
The surface of the as-grown crystal was subjected to XRD analysis. The XRD pattern is shown as a logarithmic scale in Figure 5, from which two diffraction peaks are identified to be the crystal face sets and . The peak observed at about 2θ = 34.4° corresponds to ZnO (0001) face, revealing the preferentially oriented growth direction along the -axis. The peak at about 2θ = 36.2° indicates some faces existed on the solid-vapor interface.
Figure 6(a) shows a sketch of wurtzite ZnO structure, in which the faces of (0001) and are highlighted. A schematic hexagonal pyramid consisting of a face for the base and faces for the side surfaces is shown in Figure 6(b). ZnO is structurally described as a series of planes composed of fourfold tetrahedrally coordinated O2- and Zn2+ ions stacked alternatively along the -axis [18]. These ions produce the positively charged Zn (0001) plane and the negatively charged O plane, resulting in the spontaneous polarization along the -axis and the consequential different growth rates of polar surfaces.
(a)
(b)
For ZnO crystal, it has been observed that the maximal crystal growth velocity is fixed in the direction. The relationship between the growth rates towards different directions is found as follows: [19]. Generally, the faces perpendicular to the fast growth direction have small surface areas, while the faces perpendicular to the slow growth direction dominate the final morphology. Because of the differences of growth rates of polar faces, hexagonal pyramid-like ZnO microcrystals are formed after nucleation, which are observed with high resolution in Figure 4(d).
Based on the observed surface morphology of the as-grown crystal, we proposed possible formation mechanisms of microstructures formed of crosslines observed with low resolution. During the growth process, ZnO nuclei first form on the solid-vapor interface, followed by formations of hexagonal pyramid-like microcrystals. As the pyramids grow and pack closely together, V-shaped interfaces and small-angle boundaries form between them. With increasing growth time, the V-shaped regions are filled up and the small-angle boundaries gradually disappear. The flat (0001) face then appears on the vapor-solid interface, as shown in Figure 7(a). In some cases, the crystal is affected by disadvantageous growth conditions, which may lead to subgrain tilting and boundary elimination and yield high-angle boundaries between subgrains. Micro faces having an angle with respect to the flat plane appear on the surface of solid-vapor interface, as shown in Figure 7(b).
With the increase of time, micro faces gather together and gradually form hexagonal growth steps, which contain regular micro-face edges. Then new nuclei and small hexagonal pyramids form continually on the hexagonal growth steps. For hexagonal pyramids are not able to grow on the edges of micro faces, crosslines of vacant space without hexagonal pyramids are formed. The formation of the crosslines is illustrated schematically in Figure 8.
Figures 9(a)–6(d) show OM and SEM photographs of the seed crystal. The appearance of thermal etching pits was observed on the seed crystal. Because a part of the seed was shaded from the flow of supersaturated vapor by the sample holder in our CVT system, thermal etching effect occurred at the masked area of the seed crystal. Etching process first occurred at the damage layer above the bulk crystal and yielded irregular etching pits. Once the damage layer is depleted, thermal etching pits were produced at the points of emergence of dislocation lines on the surface of the bulk crystal. Due to the differences in etching rates between the polar faces, the planes will appear in the later stage [20]. As a result, hexagonal thermal etching pits composed of six planes and the + plane are formed. As the growth time is increased, the size of the etching pits increases, and some pits dissociated and enlarged. The thermal etching mechanism of the seed crystal is illustrated schematically in Figure 10.
(a) OM picture of the seed crystal with enlargement of 1000 times
(b) SEM picture of the seed crystal with enlargement of 75 times
(c) SEM picture of the seed crystal with enlargement of 300 times
(d) SEM picture of the seed crystal with enlargement of 1200 times
4. Conclusion
A CVT method was adopted to growth bulk ZnO crystals. Surface properties and microstructures appearing on the surface of the crystal were studied by XRD, OM, and SEM. Hexagonal pyramids and hexagonal thermal etching pits were observed on the as-grown crystal and the seed crystal, respectively. The formation, evolution, and distribution mechanisms of the observed microstructures were investigated.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology, CAEP (Grant no. zz16007), and Apparatus Capacity Funding, CAEP (Grant no. 2015B0506).