Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Table 1

Structured protocols of cognitive remediation interventions for schizophrenia (modified from Vita et al. [22]).

Cognitive Training	Target	Duration	Setting (individual/ group)	Computer assisted/; Noncomputer assisted	Restorative/; compensatory	Top-down	Bottom-up	Drill and practice	Strategy coaching	Individually tailored
IPT [62]	Cognitive functions, social skills, and problem solving	Sessions of 60 minutes, 2-3 times a week (about 12 months)	Group (6–8)	Noncomputer assisted	Restorative	+	+	+	+	−
INT [63]	Cognitive functions and social cognition	30 biweekly sessions, 90 minutes each	Group (6–8)	Computer assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted sessions	Restorative	+	+	+	+	−
CRT [64]	Cognitive functions	40 sessions at least 3 times a week, 45–60 minutes each one	Individual	Not computer assisted session	Restorative	+	+	+	+	+
Cogpack* [43]	Cognitive functions	Sessions variable in duration and frequency (starting from 2-3 weeks)	Individual	Computer assisted	Restorative	−	+	+	−	+
CET [65]	Cognitive functions and social cognition	Biweekly sessions (about 90 minutes every week) for 24 months	Group (couples and then groups of 3-4 couples)	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted sessions	Restorative	+	+	+	+	−
NEAR [66]	Cognitive functions and problem solving	Sessions of 60 minutes, twice a week; (about 4 months)	Individual/group (3–10)	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted sessions	Restorative	+	−	−	+	+
NET [67]	Cognitive functions and social cognition	Sessions of 45 minutes at least 5 times a week; (about 6 months)	Individual/group	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted sessions	Restorative	−	+	+	−	+
CAT [68]	Cognitive functions	Variable (short weekly visits at home, lasting about 30 minutes)	Individual	Noncomputer assisted	Compensatory	−	−	−	−	+
TAR [69]	Social cognition	12 sessions twice a week, 45 minutes for each one	Small groups of two patients and a therapist	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted sessions	Restorative/; compensatory	−	+	+	+	+
SCIT [70]	Social cognition	24 weekly sessions, 50 minutes each; (about 6 months)	Group (6–8)	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted group sessions	Restorative	−	+	+	+	−
SCST [71]	Social cognition	12 weekly sessions, 60 minutes each; (about 3 months)	Group (6 patients)	Computer-assisted sessions and noncomputer-assisted group sessions	Restorative	−	+	+	+	−
SCET [72]	Social cognition, ToM	36 sessions of 90 minutes, twice a week (about 6 months)	Group	Noncomputer assisted	Restorative	−	+	+	+	−
MCT [73]	Metacognition	8 biweekly sessions of 45–60 minutes; (one cycle per month)	Group (3–10)	Noncomputer assisted	Restorative	+	−	−	+	−
SSANIT [74]	Cognitive functions, social cognition, and social skills	NT: biweekly sessions of 1 hour; SST: weekly sessions of 2 hours; Duration: 6 months	Individual (group)	NT sessions: computer assisted; SST sessions: noncomputer assisted	Restorative	+	+	+	+	+

CAT: cognitive adaptation training; CET: cognitive enhancement therapy; CRT: cognitive remediation therapy; INT: integrated neurocognitive therapy; IPT: integrated psychological therapy; MCT: metacognitive training; NEAR: neuropsychological educational approach to remediation; NET: neurocognitive enhancement therapy; NT: neurocognitive training; SCET: social cognition enhancement training; SCIT: social cognition and interaction training; SCST: social cognitive skills training; SSANIT: social skills and neurocognitive individualized training; SST: social skills training; TAR: training of affect recognition; ToM: theory of mind.
*Cogpack is a typical computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) technique.