Cognitive Training for Schizophrenia in Developing Countries: A Pilot Trial in Brazil

Table 2

Results at after intervention in the CT and control groups and effect-sizes.

	Experimental (𝑛=9); mean ± SE	Control (𝑛=8); mean ± SE	Between groups; 𝑃	Within groups; 𝑃	Interaction 𝑃^1	Effect-size; (Cohen's 𝑑)
Positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia
Negative subscale
Baseline	11±4	11.7±3	0.303	0.358	0.753	0.877
Post	11.4±4.1	15.3±7.5
Positive subscale
Baseline	12±3.3	11.2±3.1	0.610	0.012	0.935	0.000
Post	10±3	9.2±2.2
General psychopathology subscale
Baseline	24.4±3.7	25.7±4.1	0.576	0.044	0.581	0.486
Post	23±3.3	22.7±4.3
Total score
Baseline	47.4±8.4	48.7±7.8	0.599	0.275	0.760	0.263
Post	44.4±6.7	47.3±12.5
Neuropsychological measures
Trail Making A
Baseline	57.2±41.2	59±34	0.903	0.003	0.019	0.821
Post	49.2±26.5	40±21
Trail Making B
Baseline	155.8±89.3	121.1±60	0.900	0.045	0.427	0.272
Post	141.5±153.8	128.5±98.9
Stroop Test Card I
Baseline	18.5±4.6	19.2±8.3	0.756	0.343	0.799	0.691
Post	19.1±8.5	17±4.0
Stroop Test Card II
Baseline	28.1±15.4	22.2±10.5	0.334	0.001	0.930	0.015
Post	23.6±15.3	17.8±5.7
Stroop Test Card III
Baseline	29.8±8.9	27.6±9.9	0.958	0.553	0.036	1.549
Post	27.5±7.1	31.8±10.3
MWCST total categories
Baseline	4.3±1.9	4.1±1.7	0.562	0.478	0.067	1.177
Post	3.4±2.1	4.5±2.5
MWCST perseverative errors
Baseline	8.1±9.6	8±9.9	0.549	0.046	0.395	0.134
Post	3±2.9	1.8±3.4
MWCST failure to maintain set
Baseline	0.3±0.5	0.6±0.7	0.702	0.745	0.010	1.086
Post	1.2±1.3	0.3±0.5
Logical memory I
Baseline	14.4±8.3	13.7±10.8	0.854	0.468	0.680	0.199
Post	14.7±7.3	14.7±10.7
Logical memory II
Baseline	10.6±6.6	8.8±11	0.802	0.643	0.003	1.618
Post	7.3±8.1	13±10.7
Visual reproduction I
Baseline	34±8.9	29.7±9.7	0.378	0.157	0.404	0.261
Post	29.8±11.7	27.1±11.5
Visual reproduction II
Baseline	28.6±9.9	13.5±9.1	0.053	0.072	0.103	1.127
Post	29.1±12	23.5±15.1

1Interaction: groups × time.
SE: standard error.