Schizophrenia and Suicide Attempts: Findings from a Representative Community-Based Canadian Sample
Table 1
Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of lifetime suicide attempts among those with schizophrenia versus those without in a representative community-based sample ().
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
Model 6
Demographics + SES
Demographics + SES + ACEs
Demographics + SES + substance abuse
Demographics + SES + mental health
Demographics + SES + pain
Fully adjusted
Has schizophrenia
Yes
15.74 (9.84, 25.18)
12.92 (7.68, 21.75)
13.06 (7.95, 21.47)
7.23 (4.22, 12.36)
14.54 (8.91, 23.74)
6.47 (3.73, 11.20)
No (Ref)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Adverse childhood experiences
Witnessed parental domestic violence
>10 times
—
2.40 (1.88, 3.06)
—
—
—
2.21 (1.71, 2.86)
≤10 times (Ref)
—
1.00
—
—
—
1.00
Physical abuse
Abused
—
3.35 (2.72, 4.13)
—
—
—
2.28 (1.84, 2.83)
None (Ref)
—
1.00
—
—
—
1.00
Sexual abuse
Abused
—
4.21 (3.41, 5.21)
—
—
—
2.85 (2.28, 3.56)
None (Ref)
—
1.00
—
—
—
1.00
Demographics
Sex
Female
1.57 (1.33, 1.85)
1.44 (1.21, 1.72)
2.33 (1.95, 2.77)
1.25 (1.05, 1.48)
1.50 (1.27, 1.77)
1.49 (1.23, 1.80)
Male (Ref)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Race
White only
1.33 (1.09, 1.61)
1.31 (1.07, 1.61)
0.97 (0.79, 1.19)
0.99 (0.81, 1.22)
1.22 (1.01, 1.49)
0.94 (0.76, 1.17)
Visible minority or aboriginal (Ref)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Age
Age by decade
0.82 (0.78, 0.86)
0.80 (0.76, 0.84)
0.88 (0.84, 0.93)
0.84 (0.79, 0.88)
0.77 (0.73, 0.81)
0.82 (0.77, 0.87)
Socioeconomic status
Education
No high school graduation (Ref)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
High school graduate
0.64 (0.50, 0.83)
0.73 (0.56, 0.96)
0.64 (0.50, 0.83)
0.58 (0.45, 0.76)
0.69 (0.54, 0.90)
0.64 (0.48, 0.85)
Postsecondary graduate
0.79 (0.64, 0.99)
0.93 (0.74, 1.18)
0.87 (0.70, 1.09)
0.73 (0.58, 0.91)
0.87 (0.70, 1.09)
0.93 (0.73, 1.19)
Household income (decile)
0.84 (0.81, 0.87)
0.87 (0.85, 0.90)
0.83 (0.80, 0.86)
0.86 (0.84, 0.89)
0.86 (0.83, 0.89)
0.89 (0.86, 0.92)
Drug or alcohol abuse
Yes
—
—
5.57 (4.68, 6.64)
—
—
2.77 (2.29, 3.34)
No (Ref)
—
—
1.00
—
—
1.00
Mental health
Lifetime generalized anxiety disorder
Yes
—
—
—
3.23 (2.66, 3.93)
—
2.13 (1.73, 2.63)
No (Ref)
—
—
—
1.00
—
1.00
Lifetime depression
Yes
—
—
—
5.43 (4.51, 6.55)
—
3.85 (3.17, 4.68)
No (Ref)
—
—
—
1.00
—
1.00
Chronic pain
Pain
Moderate or severe
—
—
—
—
4.13 (3.46, 4.93)
1.82 (1.49, 2.22)
Less than moderate (Ref)
—
—
—
—
1.00
1.00
Nagelkerke square value
0.070
0.193
0.140
0.201
0.112
0.303
−2 Log likelihood
5431.6
4787.3
5068.4
4747.6
5213.9
4194.1
SES = socioeconomic status, ACEs = adverse childhood experiences.