Research Article

Schizophrenia and Suicide Attempts: Findings from a Representative Community-Based Canadian Sample

Table 1

Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of lifetime suicide attempts among those with schizophrenia versus those without in a representative community-based sample ().

Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5Model 6
Demographics + SESDemographics + SES + ACEsDemographics + SES + substance abuseDemographics + SES + mental healthDemographics + SES + painFully adjusted

Has schizophrenia
 Yes15.74
(9.84, 25.18)
12.92
(7.68, 21.75)
13.06
(7.95, 21.47)
7.23
(4.22, 12.36)
14.54
(8.91, 23.74)
6.47
(3.73, 11.20)
 No (Ref)1.001.001.001.001.001.00
Adverse childhood experiences
 Witnessed parental domestic violence
  >10 times2.40
(1.88, 3.06)
2.21
(1.71, 2.86)
  ≤10 times (Ref)1.001.00
 Physical abuse
  Abused3.35
(2.72, 4.13)
2.28
(1.84, 2.83)
  None (Ref)1.001.00
 Sexual abuse
  Abused4.21
(3.41, 5.21)
2.85
(2.28, 3.56)
  None (Ref)1.001.00
Demographics
 Sex
  Female1.57
(1.33, 1.85)
1.44
(1.21, 1.72)
2.33
(1.95, 2.77)
1.25
(1.05, 1.48)
1.50
(1.27, 1.77)
1.49
(1.23, 1.80)
  Male (Ref)1.001.001.001.001.001.00
 Race
  White only1.33
(1.09, 1.61)
1.31
(1.07, 1.61)
0.97
(0.79, 1.19)
0.99
(0.81, 1.22)
1.22
(1.01, 1.49)
0.94
(0.76, 1.17)
  Visible minority or aboriginal (Ref)1.001.001.001.001.001.00
 Age
  Age by decade0.82
(0.78, 0.86)
0.80
(0.76, 0.84)
0.88
(0.84, 0.93)
0.84
(0.79, 0.88)
0.77
(0.73, 0.81)
0.82
(0.77, 0.87)
Socioeconomic status
 Education
  No high school graduation (Ref)1.001.001.001.001.001.00
  High school graduate0.64
(0.50, 0.83)
0.73
(0.56, 0.96)
0.64
(0.50, 0.83)
0.58
(0.45, 0.76)
0.69
(0.54, 0.90)
0.64
(0.48, 0.85)
  Postsecondary graduate0.79
(0.64, 0.99)
0.93
(0.74, 1.18)
0.87
(0.70, 1.09)
0.73
(0.58, 0.91)
0.87
(0.70, 1.09)
0.93
(0.73, 1.19)
Household income (decile)0.84
(0.81, 0.87)
0.87
(0.85, 0.90)
0.83
(0.80, 0.86)
0.86
(0.84, 0.89)
0.86
(0.83, 0.89)
0.89
(0.86, 0.92)
 Drug or alcohol abuse
  Yes 5.57
(4.68, 6.64)
2.77
(2.29, 3.34)
  No (Ref)1.001.00
Mental health
 Lifetime generalized anxiety disorder
  Yes 3.23
(2.66, 3.93)
2.13
(1.73, 2.63)
  No (Ref)1.001.00
 Lifetime depression
  Yes5.43
(4.51, 6.55)
3.85
(3.17, 4.68)
  No (Ref)1.001.00
Chronic pain
 Pain
  Moderate or severe4.13
(3.46, 4.93)
1.82
(1.49, 2.22)
  Less than moderate (Ref)1.001.00

Nagelkerke square value0.0700.1930.1400.2010.1120.303
−2 Log likelihood5431.64787.35068.44747.65213.94194.1

SES = socioeconomic status, ACEs = adverse childhood experiences.