Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Viral Infection

Table 1

Differential effects of MSCs on immune response against viral infection or infectious agents.

Effects of MSCs on immune reactions in response to viral infection	Outcomes
	Preclinical	Clinical
No or little effect	(i) Stable proportion of CMV- and HAdV-specific effector T cells [54]	(i) No viral reactivation [55]
	(ii) Retaining the ability of EBV- and CMV-specific CTLs to proliferate and produce IFN- [56]	(ii) Persistent CMV-specific T cells and IFN- response to CMV infection [56]
Suppressing	(i) Poor lymphocyte proliferative responses [57]; (ii) Proliferation and IFN- production of CMV and influenza-specific T cells which were inhibited [58]; (iii) Cytotoxicity of V9V2 T cells against influenza virus H1N1 which was inhibited [59]	(i) Decreasing survival of children treated with MSCs due to HAdV infection [54]; (ii) An opportunistic viral infection developed in 3 of 6 patients receiving MSCs [60]; (iii) VZV reactivation in VZV-seropositive patients [61]

MSCs, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HAdV, human adenovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr Virus; CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; IFN, interferon.