Organ In Vitro Culture: What Have We Learned about Early Kidney Development?

Table 1

Natural and chemical MM inducers.

Natural MM inducers
Organ	Inductive tissue	Age	Strength of signal	References
Brain	Whole brain	E11.0	+++	Lombard and Grobstein 1969 [19]
		P3	++
		P7	+
		P14	−
	Dorsal telencephalon	E11.0	+++
		E13.0	+++
		E15.0	+++
	Ventral telencephalon	E11.0	+++
		E13.0	+++
		E15.0	+++
	Dorsal mesencephalon	E11.0	+++
		E13.0	+++
		E15.0	+++
	Ventral mesencephalon	E11.0	+++
		E13.0	+++
		E15.0	+++
	Dorsal medulla	E11.0	++
		E13.0	++
		E15.0	+
	Ventral medulla	E11.0	++
		E13.0	+
		E15.0	+
Bones	Long bones	E14.0	++	Unsworth and Grobstein 1970 [12]
Head	Jaw mesenchyme	E11.0	+++	Unsworth and Grobstein 1970 [12]
		E13.0	+++
	Whole head	E8.0	+++
		E11.0	+++
		E13.0	+++
Kidney	Ureteric bud	E11.0	++	Grobstein 1953 [11]
	Wolffian duct	E11.0	++	Rosines et al. 2010 [103]
Salivary gland	Mesenchyme	E11.0	+	Unsworth and Grobstein 1970 [12]
	Epithelium	E11.0	++
Somites	Posterior somites	E13.0	−	Unsworth and Grobstein 1970 [12]
	Anterior somites	E13.0	+
Spinal cord	Dorsal SC	E11.0–E19.0	+++	Lombard and Grobstein 1969 [19]
		P0	+
		P7	−
	Ventral SC	E11.0–E19.0	++
		P0	+
		P7	−
Spinal cord from chicken	Dorsal SC	Day 9	+++	Lombard and Grobstein 1969 [19]
	Ventral SC	Day 9	−
Chemical MM inducers
Chemical name	Symbol	Role	Strength of signal	References
Lithium chloride	LiCl	GSK-inhibitor	++	Davies and Garrod 1995 [30], Halt and Vainio 2012 [31]
6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime	BIO	GSK-inhibitor	+++	Brown et al. 2013 [32] Mugford et al. 2009 [81], Kuure et al. 2007 [33]
6-[[2-[[4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]ethyl]amino]-3-pyridinecarbonitrile	CHIR99021	GSK-inhibitor	++	Ye et al. 2012 [35]