Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Potential Alternative Therapeutic Agent in Orthopaedics

Table 1

Classification of extracellular vesicles basis on their cellular origin.

Type of vesicle	Size	Origin	Markers	References
Exosomes	40–100 nm	Endosomes from many cell types	Tetraspanins, lipid rafts, flotillin, sphingomyelin, Alix, TSG101, Rab5b, and other endosomal related markers; Most markers are not only specific to exosomes, however	[15, 17–19]
Microvesicles	20–1000 nm	Plasma membrane of many cell types	Wide variety of nonspecific makers including integrins, selectins, and CD40 ligand	[15, 17–20]
Membrane fragments	50–80 nm	Plasma membrane of epithelial cells	Prominin-1 (CD133)	[15, 20, 21]
Apoptotic bodies	1000–5000 nm	Plasma membrane from endoplasmic reticulum	Histones, DNA products, and phosphatidylserine	[15, 19, 20]