Umbilical Cord as Prospective Source for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy

Table 4

Comparison of the differentiation potential of UC-MSCs and MSCs from other sources.

Induction	Parameter	UC-MSCs	BM-MSCs	AT-MSCs	Reference
Osteogenic (35 days)	The average number of bone nodules from one well	19 ± 1.8	7.5 ± 1.3	11 ± 1.7	[13]
Adipogenic (21 days)	The ratio of differentiated adipocytes from the total cells	45 ± 1.5%	39 ± 1%	52 ± 3.2%	[13]
Neuronal (20 days)	The number of primary neurospheres	118 ± 5.2	80.4 ± 3.4	26 ± 3.12	[14]
	The average size of a primary neurosphere	175 ± 2.2 μm	100 ± 3.2 μm	57 ± 0.7 μm
	The number of secondary neurospheres	47 ± 4.6	7 ± 1.2	Unable to form
	The percentage of nestin+ cells	91.3 ± 2%	78 ± 1.2%	30.3 ± 6.4%
	The percentage of β III tubulin+ cells	12.5 ± 0.7%	5.6 ± 0.4%	2.4 ± 0.4%
Neuronal (9 days)	The percentage of β III tubulin+ cells	94.6 ± 1.3%	95 ± 1.2%	ND	[15]
	The percentage of cells expressing neuron-specific markers	c. 65%	c. 65%
	The level of constitutively released dopamine	610 ± 21.7 pg/mL	559 ± 33.5 pg/mL
	The level of ATP-stimulated release of dopamine	920 ± 45.6 pg/mL	813.5 ± 47.7 pg/mL
Endothelial (12 days)	Flk-1 expression	17-fold increase	6-fold increase	ND	[16]
	vWF expression	13-fold increase	5-fold increase
	VE-cadherin expression	16-fold increase	4.5-fold increase
	Total tubule length of network in Matrigel angiogenesis assay	15 mm	11 mm
Pancreatic (3 days)	Diameter of formed islet-like cell clusters	Larger (100–200 μm)	Smaller (<100 μm)	ND	[17]
	The percentage of differentiated cells expressing pancreatic-specific marker C-peptide	53.3%	30.9%
	Insulin secretion on day 1 after differentiation	14 mIU/L	7 mIU/L