Stem Cell Tracking with Nanoparticles for Regenerative Medicine Purposes: An Overview

Table 1

Summary of different in vitro biosafety studies performed using nanoparticles.

Study	Stem cell	Species	Nanoparticle	Labeling dose	Analysis	Main results of analysis
Chakraborty et al. 2007 [131]	MSC	Human	QDs	250 pm–16 nM	Differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Shah et al. 2007 [132]	MSC	Human	QDs	20–50 nM	Cell viability, differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Hsieh et al. 2006 [133]	MSC	Human	QDs	1.625 μg	Cell viability, differentiation potential	Chondrogenic differentiation impairment
Hsieh et al. 2006 [134]	MSC	Human	QDs	1.625 μg	Cell cycle distribution, differentiation potential	Osteogenic differentiation impairment
Wang et al. 2015 [136]	MSC	Human	QDs	0.75–3 μg/mL	Cell viability, immunophenotypic profiles	No adverse effects
Shah and Mao 2011 [137]	MSC	Human	QDs	Range of doses	Selective labeling	No adverse effects
Chen et al. 2015 [138]	MSC	Human	QDs	12.5 μg/mL	Cell viability, proliferation, stemness, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Huang et al. 2005 [157]	MSC	Human	Silica	20 μg/mL	Cell viability, proliferation, immunophenotypic profiles, differentiation potential, and discrimination live/apoptotic cells	No adverse effects
Hunag et al. 2008 [159]	MSC	Human	Silica	20 μg/mL	Uptake efficiency and mechanism	Serum influences cell uptake efficiency
Accomasso et al. 2012 [154]	MSC	Human	Mesoporous silica	Unknown	Cell viability, proliferation, immunophenotypic profiles, differentiation potential, and uptake mechanism	No adverse effects
Lesniak et al. 2012 [155]	MSC	Human	Mesoporous silica	100 μg/mL	Cell viability, differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Catalano et al. 2015 [156]	MSC	Human	Mesoporous silica	40 μg/mL	Cell viability, actin organization, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects, but enhancement of actin polymerization
Liu et al. 2008 [161]	MSC	Human	Mesoporous silica core-shell SPIO	3–10 μg/mL	Uptake efficiency, cell viability, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Zhang et al. 2013 [162]	Neuronal progenitor line	Mouse	Mesoporous silica core-shell SPIO	5–33 μg/mL	Uptake efficiency, cell viability, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Jiang et al. 2010 [172]	MSC	Human	Polystyrene	7.5 μg/mL	Uptake efficiency and mechanism	Amino groups on NP surface influence uptake mechanism
Huang et al. 2015 [178]	MSC	Porcine	Polystyrene	0.2 mg/mL	Uptake efficiency, cell viability	Little cytotoxicity
Bulte et al. 2004 [202]	MSC	Human	SPIO (ferumoxides)	13–16 pg Fe/cell	Cell viability, differentiation potential	Chondrogenic differentiation impairment
Arbab et al. 2005 [203]	MSC	Human	SPIO (ferumoxides)	25 μg/mL	Lysosomal degradation	Chondrogenic differentiation impairment due to transfection agent, not SPIO
Song and Ku 2007 [204]	MSC	Human	SPIO (ferumoxides)	25 μg/mL	Cell viability, differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Au et al. 2009 [205]	ESC	Mouse	SPIO	50 μg/mL	Differentiation potential and calcium handling	No adverse effects
Jing et al. 2008 [200]	MSC	Rabbit	SPIO (ferumoxides)	25 μg/mL	Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Delcroix et al. 2009 [198]	MSC	Rat	SPIO	25 μg/mL	Cell viability, morphology, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Ramos-Gómez et al. 2015 [206]	Neuronal line	Human	SPIO; (different types)	50 μg/mL	Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, and differentiation potential	No adverse effects
Ricles et al. 2011 [209]	MSC	Human	Gold	10^12 NPs/mL	Uptake efficiency	No adverse effects
Nam et al. 2012 [210]	MSC	Human	Gold	10^12 NPs/mL	Uptake efficiency, in vitro cell tracking	No adverse effects
Jokerst et al. 2012 [211]	MSC	Human	Silica-coated gold	0.0–0.14 nM	Cell viability, proliferation, differentiation potential, and secretome	No adverse effects, but IL-6 dysregulation
Nam et al. 2015 [212]	Adipose derived	Rat and human	Silica-coated gold	NPs/cell	Cell viability	No adverse effects