Dental and Nondental Stem Cell Based Regeneration of the Craniofacial Region: A Tissue Based Approach

Table 3

This table shows potential SCs for use in muscle regeneration and their positive and negative characteristics.

Stem cell	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)	(i) Have been shown to improve muscle function in vivo; (ii) Pluripotent	(i) Research limited by regulations; (ii) Need presence of box genes (Pax-7)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs)	(i) Less regulations; (ii) Pluripotent	(i) More study needed to ensure that there is no tumorigenic potential
Satellite cells	(i) Express Pax-7; (ii) Self-proliferating	(i) Difficult to isolate; (ii) Damaged by in vitro culture
Muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs)	(i) Osteogenic and adipogenic		[81, 117]
MSCs	(i) High ability to differentiate; (ii) Modulate inflammation	(i) Need more research before in vivo studies
Muscle derived CD133+ stem cells	(i) Formed myosin heavy chain (characteristic of craniofacial muscle); (ii) Safe and feasible	(i) Myogenesis in vitro requires additional cell cultures
Mesoangioblasts	(i) Angiogenic; (ii) Easy expansion in vitro	(i) Require factors to improve migration