Stem Cells International

Review Article

Modulation of Immunoregulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Toll-Like Receptors: Potential Applications on GVHD

Table 3

Effects of Toll-like receptors on MSCs from different sources.
SourcePAMP⁢Proinflammatory factors⁢Anti-inflammatory factorsSuppressive potential
IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-αIDOPGE2TGF-β
ATPGN↑[60]
=[65]		↑[65]↑[65]
=[60]		↑[60]
=[65]		=[65]  =[65]
POLY-IC↑[58, 60, 61]
=[65]		↑[58, 61, 65]↑[58, 61, 65]
=[60]		↑[58, 60]
=[65]		↑[65, 73]↑[73]
=[61]		=[58]
↓[61]		↑[73]
=[61, 65]
LPS↑[60, 61]
=[65]		↑[61, 65]↑[61, 65]
=[60]		↑[60]
=[65]		=[65]=[61]↓[61]=[61, 65]
CpG-ODN↑[60]↑[65]=[60]=[60]    
BMPGN↑[74]
=[63]		↑[63]↑[74]   ↑[63] 
POLY-IC↑[61–63, 68, 70]
=[64, 68]		↑[61–64, 68–70, 75, 76]
=[77]		↑[61, 62, 64, 68–70, 75, 77]=[68, 75]
↓[62]		↑[76, 77]
=[64]		↑[70, 77]
=[61, 78]		↑[63]
=[64]
↓[61, 70, 75, 77]		↑[76, 77]
=[61]
↓[63, 64]
LPS↑[61, 63, 66, 68, 70, 74]
=[62, 64]		↑[61–64, 66, 68–70, 75–77]
=		↑[61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 75, 77]
=		↑
=[66, 68, 75]
↓[62, 78]		↑[76, 77]
=[64]
↑[70, 78]
=[61, 77]
↑[63]
=[64, 66, 70]
↓[61, 77]		↑[76]
=[61]
↓[63, 64, 66, 77]
CpG-ODN↑[62]
=[66]		↑[62]
=[66]		↑[62, 66]↑[62]
↓[66]		  ↑[66]↑[66]
UCPGN       =[59]
POLY-IC=[61]↑[59, 71, 72]
=[61]		↑[59, 71, 72]
=[61]		 ↑[59, 71, 72] =[61]
↓[71]		↑[59, 72]
=[61]
LPS↑[79]
=[61]		↑[59, 71, 72, 79]
=[61]		↑[59, 71, 72, 79]
=[61]		 ↑[71, 79]
=[72]		 =[61]
↓[71]		=[59, 61, 72]
CpG-ODN =[59]
↓[71]		=[59]
↓[71]		 ↑[59]
↓[71]		 ↓[71]↑[59]
Notes. Observations of the effects driven by the stimulation of different TLRs, on mesenchymal stromal cells from different sources, on the gene and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, gene and protein expression of anti-inflammatory factors: IDO1 (IDO), TGF-β1 (TGF-β), and PGE2, and the capacity to suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes (suppressive potential). ↑: increase; =: no alteration; ↓: reduction. Alterations of IDO expression levels or activity to induce tryptophan catabolism.