Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies

Table 1

Aetiology of LSCD.

Primary causes	Reference
Aniridia	[67, 71, 72]
Multiple endocrine deficiency	[9, 67]
Epidermal dysplasia
Ectrodactyly-ectodermal-dysplasia-clefting syndrome	[73]
Congenital erythrokeratodermia	[74]
Dyskeratosis congenita	[75, 76]
Secondary causes
Thermal or chemical burns	[67, 77]
Contact lens wear	[67, 78]
Inflammatory eye disease:
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis	[67]
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid	[79]
Chronic limbitis: autoimmune disease, extensive microbiological infection, atopic conjunctivitis	[80]
Neurotrophic keratitis	[80]
Extensive limbal cryotherapy, radiation, or surgery	[81]
Bullous keratopathy	[82]
Topical antimetabolites (5-FU, Mitomycin C)	[83, 84]
Systemic chemotherapy (Hydroxyurea)	[85]

5-FU: 5-fluorouracil.