|
Strategies | Approaches | Findings | References | Pros/cons |
|
Prolonged cell culture | 3-month culture | Increased and | [37] | Simple protocol but time-consuming |
30-day culture | Increased conduction velocity | [38] |
80–120-day culture | More adult-like morphology and subcellular structure | [39] |
|
Electrical stimulation | 3–6 Hz pacing in 3D cultured hESC-CMs | Adult-like structure, calcium handling and electrical properties | [40] | Requires special equipment and optimization of stimulation protocol
|
1 Hz in monolayer culture | Prolonged action potential, but no effects on resting membrane potential | [41] |
2 Hz in 3D tissue | Increased contractile force | [42] |
|
Mechanical stretch | Cyclic stretch | Increased cell size, better sarcomere structure | [43] | Requires special equipment and optimization of stimulation protocol |
Cyclic stretch | Cell elongation, increased connexin expression, more mature calcium handling | [44] |
|
Adrenergic receptor stimulation | Phenylephrine, 48 h | Increased cell size, better sarcomere structure | [43] | Simple protocol, easy to apply |
|
Thyroid hormone stimulation | mESC-CMs: T3 for 7 days | Adult-like action potential profile and calcium handing | [46] | Simple protocol, easy to apply |
hiPSC-CMs: T3 for 7 days | Increased contractile force and faster calcium transient kinetics | [47] |
|
MicroRNA overexpression | miR-1 | Hyperpolarized resting , faster Ca2+ transient kinetics | [48] | Requires introduction of foreign substance into cells |
|