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Author | Published year | Organoid induction designs | Organoid type | Induction condition factors | Culture medium | SFEBq procedure |
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Approach 1: Stepwise, direct organization of region-specific or population-enriched organoids |
Lakshmi Subramanian | 2017 | Neural tissue samples between GW8 and GW10; coronal vibratome sections were transferred to culture medium. | Forebrain | Wnt inhibitor; TGF-β inhibitor; high O2 penetration; concentration of matrigel | Cortical slice culture medium | No |
Marina Bershteyn | 2017 | hIPSCs were cultured in using cortical differentiation medium. | Cerebral organoids | Rho kinase inhibitor; Wnt inhibitor; TGF-β inhibitor | Cortical differentiation medium; N2 culture medium | No |
Adrian Ranga | 2016 | ESCs were cultured in high-throughput combinatorial screening of 3D microenvironments; stepwise induced. | Cyst-like structure neural tube with apical-basal polarity | RA; sonic hedgehog; synthetic nondegradable materials | Neurobasal medium | No |
Lixiong Gao | 2016 | hESCs were cultured with SFEBq procedure; H1 cells were selected to induce organoids. | Neural retinal tissue | Wnt signal inhibitor; SAG; CHIR99021; N2; retinoic acid; high oxygen concentrate (40%) | N2 culture medium | Yes (3 days) |
Hideya Sakaguchi | 2015 | hESCs were cultured in SFEBq culture for 73–84 days and dissociated with neural tissue dissociation kit and then cultured in neurobasal medium. | Hippocampal tissue | Wnt inhibitor; TGF-β inhibitor; N2 supplement; chemically defined lipid; neurobasal medium; bone morphogenetic protein; Wnt | N2; neurobasal medium | Yes (3 days) |
Anca M. Paşca | 2015 | hCSs were dissociated to culture to induce organoids. | Cortical tissue with functional neural network | BMP inhibitor and TGF-β inhibitor; NT3; BDNF; FGF2; EGF; neurobasal; dorsomorphin; SB-431542 | Neural medium | No |
Atsushi Kuwahara | 2015 | Elective NR differentiation from hESCs. | Neural retina | BMP4-inhibiting GSK3 and FGFR; Y-27632; gfCDM; CHIR99021; SU5402 | N2; neural retina medium; retinosphere medium | No |
Karl R. Koehler | 2013 | ESCs were dissociated to induce organoids. | Inner ear sensory epithelial tissue | BMP4; TGF-β inhibitor FGF2 and LDN; N2B27 medium; N2 medium; SU5402; SB-431542 | N2B27 medium | Yes (3 days) |
Taisuke Kadoshima | 2013 | Stepwise induction of neocortex with high numbers of pyramidal neurons. | Neocortex | Rho kinase inhibitor, TGF-β inhibitor, and Wnt inhibitor; B27, N2, and chemically defined lipid concentration; hedgehog signals | N2 and chemically defined lipid concentration | Yes (3 days) |
Lucy A. Crompton | 2013 | Neurospheres were dissociated cholinergic neurons to culture in NEM. | Forebrain cholinergic neurons | Nodal/TGF-β signaling inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, FGF2, and EGF | Modified chemically defined media, NEM | Yes (4 days) |
Yichen Shi | 2012 | Neuroepithelial cells were dissociated to induce organoids. | Cerebral cortex with projection neurons and neural networks | SB431542, FGF2, noggin, neurobasal, Y-27632 | N2B27 (N3) medium; N2 | No |
Jessica Mariani | 2012 | Undifferentiated PGP1-1 and colonies were dissociated into single cells to induce organoids. | Early forebrain | N2 supplement, Y-27632, FGF2, Wnt inhibitor DKK1, BMP inhibitor BMPRIA-Fc, TGF-β/activin/nodal inhibitor SB431542 | N2 | Yes (3 days) |
Teruko Danjo | 2011 | Foxg1: venus+ cells were sorted to stepwise, induce to ventral telencephalic tissues. | Ventral telencephalic tissues | BDNF, vibratome, Shh | Neuron culture medium; NT3; neurobasal/B27 | Yes (3 days) |
Mototsugu Eiraku | 2008 | ESCs were sorted to induce of polarized cortical neuroepithelia. | Cortical tissues | FGF, Wnt, and BMP; N2 medium, KSR | Cortical slice culture medium | No |
Kiichi Watanabe | 2005 | Stepwise induction of neocortex with high number of telencephalic precursors. | Cortical organoids with high number of telencephalic precursors | Dkk1, Bf1. LeftyA, Wnt3at, Wnt, and nodal | Cortical slice culture medium | Yes (3 days) |
Approach 2: Assemble and direct disctinct organ-specific progenitor cells or stem cells to form specific morphogenesis organ |
Chikafumi Ozone | 2016 | Coculture specific ventral hypothalamic NE tissue and nonneural ectoderm formation. | Anterior pituitary | KSR; FGF2; BMP4 | gfCDM | Yes (3 days) |
Keiko Muguruma | 2015 | hESCs were cultured to form neural tube-like NE structures and dissociated with anti-KIRREL2 antibody and then cocultured with RL tissues to generate Purkinje cells. | Polarized cerebellar tissue and Purkinje cells | SDF1 and FGF19; FGF2 | gfCDM; N2 | Yes (3 days) |
Andrea Meinhardt | 2014 | Assembled R1 mESCs, IB10 mESCs, and 46C in 3D matrigel matrix and cocultured to induce the formation of neuroepithelial cyst. | Neuroepithelial cyst | RA, SAG, cyclopamine | N2B27 medium | No |
Hidetaka Suga | 2011 | Assembled nonneural ectoderm and hypothalamic neuroectoderm cells in three-dimensional culture and cocultured to induce of adenohypophysis like tissue. | Adenohypophysis | SAG, DAPT, BIO, Wnt4, and Wnt5, FGF8, Nodal, IWP2, FGF10 | CDM medium; DAPT-free medium | Yes (10 days) |
Mototsugu Eiraku | 2011 | Assembled neuroectodermal epithelium tissue and nonretinal neuroectodermal epithelium in three-dimensional culture and cocultured to induce of optic cup. | Optic cup | 40%-O2/5%-CO2, N2, RA, CUY21 generator | N2 | Yes (3 days) |
Xue-Jun Li | 2008 | Cultured neuroepithelial cells to generate motoneurons and then coculture of motoneurons and myocytes. | Ventral spinal tissue | RA and Shh, BDNF, GDNF, IGF1, Shh, B27 | Neural differentiation medium; N2B27 | No |
Approach 2: 2.3 Assemble embryoid bodies for induction of multilayer organoids |
Yun Li | 2017 | Differentiation of hESCs to EBs. EBs were embedded in droplets of matrigel. Embedded EBs were subsequently cultured to induce cerebral organoids. | Cerebral organoids | bFGF; ROCK inhibitor; orbital shaker; WIBR3; BDNF | Neurobasal; N2 | Yes (6 days) |
Madeline A. Lancaster | 2013 | Assembled EBs in the droplets of matrigel and cocultured to induce the formation of cerebral organoids. | Cerebral organoids | Retinoic acid, protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, neurobasal, N2, insulin, B27 | N2B27 | Yes (6 days) |
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