The Effect of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Course of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Therapy

Table 2

Functions of adipokines and biomarkers in metabolic syndrome.

Adipokines/biomarkers	Function in metabolic syndrome	References
TNFα	↑ systemic insulin resistance via NFκB/JNK signaling	[56, 58, 59]
	↓ insulin signal transduction	[68]
IL-6	↑ production of hepatic CRP	[69]
	↑ hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis	[63, 64]
	↓ insulin signal transduction	[70]
	↑ insulin resistance via NFκB/JNK signaling	[58, 59]
PAI-1	↑ adipose tissue development	[65]
	↓ insulin signal transduction	[65]
MCP1	↑ insulin resistance via NFκB/JNK signaling	[58, 59]
CRP	↑ atherosclerosis	[60]

TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: interleukin; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; PAI-1: plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1; CRP: C-reactive protein; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.