Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Prospective and Challenges

Table 1

Application of MSCs in treating animal models and patients with pSS.

Types of MSCs	Treatment		Recipient (human)	Recipient (mice)	Follow-up	Effect	Outcome	Reference
	Cell numbers, origin	Administration
BMSCs	1 × 10^5, one dose, BALB/c or B6 mice	IV injection at 6 (prevention group) or 16 weeks age (treatment group)	NA	NOD mice	8 weeks or 18 weeks	Inflammatory area ↓ in SG, salivary flow rate ↑, Tregs ↑, Th2 ↑, Th17 ↓, Tfh ↓	Improvement	[81]
UMSCs	1 × 10^6/kg, one dose, human	IV injection	Patients with pSS	NA	12 months	SSDAI and global assessment Vas score ↓, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate ↑, anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La ↓	Improvement
BMSCs	5 × 10^5, four doses, mouse	IV injection	NA	NOD mice	4 weeks	Saliva flow rate ↑, lymphocytic infiltrations ↓, serum IFN-γ ↓, IL-10 ↑, TGF-β ↑	Improvement	[94]
BMSCs	1 × 10^6, one dose, mouse	IP injection	NA	NOD mice	4 weeks	Tear production ↑, aquaporin 5 mRNA ↑, lymphocytic score did not change	Improvement	[95]
CD45^−TER119^− BMSCs	1 × 10^7, four doses, human	IV injection	NA	NOD mice	14 weeks	Salivary flow rate ↑, lymphocytic infiltration in SG ↓, T and B cells ↓, Tregs ↑ in all foci	Improvement	[96]
UMSCs	Human	Coculture	pSS	NA	NA	Differentiation and proliferation of Tfh ↓	Suppression	[49]
UMSCs microencapsulated	Human	Coculture	PBMC from 10 pSS	NA	NA	Proliferation of T cell ↓, Th1 ↓, Th17 ↓, Tregs ↑	Suppression	[44]
AMSCs	8 × 10^6, allogeneic, one dose, per eye, dog	Locally injected around lacrimal glands and gland of eyelid	NA	Dog with KCS	9 months	Schirmer tear test ↑, ocular parameter score ↓	Improvement	[97]