Adult Neural Stem Cells: Basic Research and Production Strategies for Neurorestorative Therapy

Figure 1

A diagram of signal pathways and molecules participating in the preservation of the pluripotency state and reprogramming. Modulation of some signal pathways provides preservation/return of the pluripotent state of the cell. Activation of the Notch, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and hedgehog signal pathways upregulates expression of the pluripotency genes, the genes which shift the cell cycle towards S-phase and directly or indirectly block the apoptosis system, while complete or incomplete inhibition of the TGF-b and MAPK/ERK signal pathways removes the block from transcription of some transcription factors of pluripotency and prevents activation of the apoptosis system. In the diagram, each signal pathway and all its effects are labeled with an individual color, activating and inhibiting effects are marked. Cyan arrows point the signal conduction from FGFs via different signal pathways. Black arrows point a synergic effect of transcription factors on each other. Blue arrows show the effect of transcription factors on other genes and systems (e.g., on the apoptosis system) and interaction with protein complexes (e.g., proteins of the Polycomb system and NuRD). Small molecules are marked with the red font. Green arrows show the activating effect of small molecules, and red arrows show the inhibiting effect of the small molecules. P: phosphorylation; М: methylation; А: acetylation.