Adult Neural Stem Cells: Basic Research and Production Strategies for Neurorestorative Therapy

Figure 2

Characteristics of the main reprogramming protocols. (a) Types of transforming factors reproducing somatic cells in NSCs: transcription factors, pluripotency (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, c-Myc, and Klf4), and factors determining proneogenic redifferentiation (Ascl1, Brn2, Ngn2, etc.); mRNA of reprogramming factors; recombinant proteins of reprogramming factors; microRNAs that help maintain pluripotency (miR-290, miR-90, miR-200c, etc.); and small chemical molecules that increase the “plasticity” of the transformed cells (VPA–histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) and RG108–methyltransferase DNA inhibitor), molecules replacing by effect some transcription factors (CHIR99021 inhibitor of GSK3β), and so on. (b) Logical schemes of reprogramming. From top to bottom: (1) scheme in which the IPSC stage is present [94, 126, 128, 129]. (2)-(3) Schemes in which the IPSC stage is absent are divided into three main stages: preparatory (destabilizing the genome and increasing functional plasticity); the stage of redifferentiation in the NSC, and the stage of terminal neuroglial differentiation (explanations in the text). Schemes (2) and (3) extracted from [110] and [150], respectively.

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