Adult Neural Stem Cells: Basic Research and Production Strategies for Neurorestorative Therapy

Table 1

Currently existing protocols for reprogramming/transdifferentiation.

Primary cell type	Factors used	Resulting cell type	Reference
Mouse glial cells in vivo	Retroviral transduction of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc (OKSM)	iPSCs	[129]
Mouse fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and transfection miR-294	ESC	[93]
Mouse adipose stromal cells (mASCs), human adipose stromal cells (hASC), and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)	Transfection with miR-200c, miR-302, and miR-369	iPSCs	[94]
Mouse fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction by miR-302 and miR-367	iPSCs	[95]
Mouse fibroblasts	Bioinformatic analysis on microarrays Ezh2, Jarid2, Mtf2, Nanog, Pou5f1, Sall4, Smarca4, Sox2, Suz12, and Tcf3	NSC	[130]
iPSCs from embryonic NSC	Retroviral transduction of Oct4 and Sox2	Neurons	[131]
Mouse fibroblasts	SB431542, PD0325901, thiazovivin, VPA, and antioxidant of ascorbic acid and DNMT	iPSCs	[132]
iPSCs and ESC	Purmorphamine, RA, and DAPT	V2a interneurons	[133, 134]
Mouse fibroblasts and human fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction Sox2	NSC	[5]
Human fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction with Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l, Lhx3, Hb9, Isl1, Ngn2, and NEUROD1	Motor neurons	[135]
Mouse fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with NFIA, NFIB, and Sox9	Astrocytes	[136]
Hepatocytes and B-lymphocytes	Lentiviral transduction with Brn2, Hes1, Hes3, Klf4, Myc, Notch1, NICD, PLAGL1, and Rfx4	NSC	[137]
CD34-positive cells of umbilical cord blood	Lentiviral transduction with Oct4 and transfection with a plasmid containing Oct4	NSC	[138]
Human fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with Oct4	Neural progenitor cells	[139]
CD44+ аstrocytes	Lentiviral transduction with Sox2 and VPA	Neurons	[140]
Mouse fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with Sox2	Neural progenitor cells	[141]
Mouse fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction with Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc	NSC	[142]
Human fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with Sox2, с-Мус, and Brn2/Brn4	Neurons	[143]
Human fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction with Sox2, с-Мус, and Brn4	NSC	[144]
Mouse fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with Sox2 and FoxG1	Neural progenitor cells	[145]
CD44+ аstrocytes	Lentiviral transduction with Oct4/Sox2/Nanog	NSC	[146]
Mouse fibroblasts	Retroviral transduction with Ascl1, Nurr1, and Shh	Neural progenitor cells, neurons and dopaminergic neurons	[147]
Mouse NG2-glia in vivo and in vitro	AAV5 transduction with Ascl1, Lmx1a, and Nurr1 (ALN)	Neurons having properties of fast-spiking (FS) and parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons (IntNs)	[148]
Mouse fibroblasts	А-83-01, thiazovivin, purmorphamine, and VPA	NSC	[149]
Human fibroblasts	VPA, CHIR99021, Repsox, SP600125, GO6983, and Y-27632	Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons	[150]
Mouse fibroblasts	CHIR99021, VPA, Repsox, LiCl and SB431542/TSA, Li2CO3 and tranilast	NSC	[113]
Human astrocytes	LDN193189, SB431542, TTNPB, thiazovivin, CHIR99021,VPA, DAPT, SAG, and purmorphamine	Glutamatergic neurons	[151]
Mouse astrocytes	Retroviral transduction by Ascl1 + Dlx2, Neurog2, and Dlx2	Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons	[152]
Mouse embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction by Ascl1, Bmp2, and Myt1l	Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons	[153]
Human fibroblasts	Lentiviral transduction with miR-124, Bmp2, Myt1l, Noggin, and FK	Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons	[154]