Exosomes Regulate the Transformation of Cancer Cells in Cancer Stem Cell Homeostasis

Table 1

Role of exosomes in maintaining a stem cell phenotype of tumor cells.

Donor cells	Related molecules contained	Receptor cells	Action route	Features	References
Lymphoma cells	Wnt3a	Lymphoma cells	Wnt pathway	Enhance the cloning ability of side population cells and mediate conversion between side population cells and nonside population cells	[26]
CAFs	—	CRCs	Wnt pathway	Increased CRCs into balls and tumorigenicity, increased proportion of CSCs	[108]
MSCs	#VALUE!	Breast cancer cells	Wnt pathway	Promote breast cancer cell proliferation and migration	[109]
CMLs	TGF-β	CMLs	Wnt pathway	Promote tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor formation in vivo	[112]
CoCa	cld7	CoCa	EMT	Induce EMT and enhance metastasis and invasion of low metastatic tumor cells	[113]
Preadipocytes	SOX2/SOX9	Breast cancer cells	—	Promote early breast cancer formation and tumor growth in vivo	[114]
CAFs	miR-21; miR-378e; miR-143	Breast cancer cells	—	Enhance receptor cell dryness and EMT phenotype	[101]
Melanoma cells	miR-222	Melanoma cells	PI3K/AKT pathway	Increase the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells	[115]
Esophageal cancer cells	miR-21	Esophageal cancer cells	PDCD4	Promote receptor cell migration and invasion	[116]
Stem cell-like breast cancer cells	mRNA	Breast cancer cells	—	Promote breast cancer development and metastasis	[103]