Molecular Mechanisms of Transdifferentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Neural Cells: Current Status and Perspectives

Table 1

List of transdifferentiation efficiency of ADSCs into NSCs.

Classification	Induction method	Duration	Efficiencies	CFE	Evaluation methods	Authors (year)
Growth factors and cytokines	B27, EGF, FGF	10–20 days	47.6~71.2%	<54% colony	ICC (Nestin, Fibr), qRT, EPA	Hermann et al. (2004) [33]
	B27, EGF, FGF	8–11 days	0.79%	Not mentioned	ICC/FCM (MAP2ab, GFAP, CD133), RT	Kang et al. (2004) [34]
	N2, B27, BME, NEAA, bFGF, EGF	22 days	>95%	Not mentioned	ICC, qRT, EPA	Feng et al. (2014) [35]
	B27, EGF, FGF	6 days	~15.4%	Not mentioned	ICC (Ki67, Nestin)	Yang et al. (2015) [36]
	B27, EGF, FGF	7 days	>80%	Not mentioned	ICC (Nestin, Sox2, Map2, NF-68)	Darvishi et al. (2017) [11]
	B27, N2, bFGF, EGF	7–10 days	1/1 × 10^–7	1/1 × 10^–7	ICC (Sox2, Nestin, Tuj1), qRT, EPA	Petersen et al. (2018) [37]
Small molecular & growth factors	SB431542 (SB), LDN193189 (L), noggin (N)	20 days	>85%	Not mentioned	FCM (NCAM, Nestin, Ki67)	Park et al. (2017) [10]
Transcription factors	OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, c-MYC	30 days	0.01%	0.01%	ICC (Sox1, Sox2, Nestin, Pax6, CD133, Ki67), EPA, TEA	Cairns et al. (2016) [30]
	Sox2	14 days	—	Not mentioned	ICC (Sox2, Pax6, Nestin)	Qin et al. (2015) [38]
Others	Lentivirus-GFP	10 days	—	Not mentioned	ICC (Nestin, NeuN, GFAP)	Zhang et al. (2014) [39]

ICC: immunocytochemistry; qRT: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; EPA: electrophysiology assay; RT: reverse transcription; TEA: tissue engineering assay; CFE: colony formation efficiency.