Secretomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Heterogeneity

Table 3

Summary of studies using MSC-derived EV treatment against AKI.

Cause of AKI	Species	MSC origin	EV dose	Route	Outcome	Therapeutic mechanism	Molecules	Reference
Glycerol	Mouse	Human bone marrow	15 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Cell proliferation; (ii) Antiapoptosis	RNA	Bruno et al. 2009 [26]
Glycerol	Mouse	Human bone marrow	165 × 10^6 EV	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Cell proliferation; (ii) Antinecrosis	—	Bruno et al. 2017 [52]
Glycerol	Rat	Human bone marrow	2.2 × 10^8 EV	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Anti-inflammation	miRNA	Collino et al. 2015 [64]
Cisplatin	Mouse	Human bone marrow	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis	—	Bruno et al. 2012 [53]
Cisplatin	Rat	Human umbilical code	200 μg	Renal capsule	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Anti-inflammation; (iii) Activation of autophagy	—	Wang et al. 2017 [65]
Cisplatin	Rat	Human umbilical cord	200 μg	Renal capsule	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Activation of autophagy	Protein (14-3-3ζ)	Jia et al. 2018 [66]
Cisplatin	Rat	Human umbilical cord	200 μg	Renal capsule	(i) Decreased tubular injury; (ii) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Antinecrosis; (iii) Antioxidative stress	—	Zhou et al. 2013 [55]
Gentamicin	Rat	Rat bone marrow	—	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Cell proliferation; (ii) Antiapoptosis; (iii) Antinecrosis; (iv) Anti-inflammation	RNA	Reis et al. 2012 [60]
I/R	Rat	Rat bone marrow	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Anti-inflammation	—	Wang et al. 2014 [61]
I/R	Rat	Human bone marrow	30 μg	IV	(i) Decreased tubular injury; (ii) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Cell proliferation	RNA	Gatti et al. 2011 [54]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Cell proliferation; (ii) Antiapoptosis; (iii) Antifibrosis; (iv) Antioxidative stress	—	Zhang et al. 2014 [57]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Antinecrosis; (iii) Antioxidative stress	—	Zhang et al. 2016 [56]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Anti-inflammation; (ii) Cell proliferation; (iii) Antifibrosis	miRNA	Zou et al. 2014 [58]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	100 μg	IV	(i) Decreased tubular injury; (ii) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Cell proliferation; (iii) Antifibrosis; (iv) Angiogenesis	RNA	Zou et al. 2016 [59]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	30 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Proangiogenic factors; (ii) Antifibrosis; (iii) Antiapoptosis; (iv) Tubular dedifferentiation	RNA	Ju et al. 2015 [62]
I/R	Rat	Human umbilical cord	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Preserved mitochondrial morphology	miRNA (miR-30)	Gu et al. 2017 [63]
I/R	Mouse	Mouse kidney resident	2 × 10^7 MSCs	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Cell proliferation	—	Choi et al. 2014 [67]
I/R	Rat	Rat adipose tissue	100 μg	IV	(i) Improved renal function	(i) Antiapoptosis; (ii) Antioxidative stress; (iii) Antifibrosis; (iv) Angiogenesis	N/A	Lin et al. 2016 [68]

AKI: acute kidney injury; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; EV: extracellular vesicles; I/R: ischemia/reperfusion; IV: intravenous.