Bioprocessing of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derivatives: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutics

Figure 3

Alterations to MSC cultures reported to have an influence on the MSC secretome profile. 3D spheroid culture (i.e., forced cell-cell interactions), fluid shear, compression forces, the properties of the cells’ residing substrate (i.e., stiffness and topography), biochemical stimuli (i.e., exposure to inflammatory factors), and the amount of oxygen cells are exposed to influence the amount and types of biomolecules secreted by MSCs.