Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Interactions with Extracellular Matrix and Mechanical Loading

Table 1

Sources and properties of TSPCs.

Sources	Properties	Markers	Reference
Tendon proper/midsubstance	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Multipotent; (iii) Distinct from BMSCs	Scleraxis, TNMD, collagen type I, tenascin, Sca1, CD90.2, CD44, CD146, Oct-4, SSEA-4, nucleostemin	Bi et al., 2007 [4]; Zhang and Wang, 2010 [5]; Rui et al., 2010 [39]
	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Form tendon constructs that express collagen type I and TNMD; (iii) Deposit calcium in osteogenic medium; (iv) Potential nonvascular origin	Sca1, CD90, CD44, CD19, CD34, CD13, musashi-1, TNMD, scleraxis	Mienaltowski et al., 2013 [8]
	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Potential nonvascular origin	CD146, Oct-4, nanog, SOX-2, nucleostemin	Tan et al., 2013 [9]
	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Higher self-renewal and tenogenesis capacity, larger collagen fibril diameter compared to nestin-negative TSPCs	Nestin, CD146, CD90, CD44, CD105, CD51	Yin et al., 2016 [52]
Peritenon	(i) Express classical stem cell markers; (ii) Retain stem cell characteristics in culture; (iii) Potential vascular origin	Musashi-1, nestin, prominin-1/CD133, nestin, collagen types I and III, Smad8, CD29, CD44, scleraxis	Tempfer et al., 2009 [7]
	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Display TSPC surface profile; (iii) Form tendon constructs that express collagen type I and TNMD; (iv) Potential vascular origin	Sca1, CD90, CD44, CD19, CD34, CD13, musashi-1	Mienaltowski et al., 2013 [8]
	(v) Both vascular and nonvascular sources	CD146, Oct-4, Nanog, SOX-2, nucleostemin	Tan et al., 2013 [9]
	(i) Typical stem cell characteristics; (ii) Neural crest-like stem cells; (iii) Potential vascular origin; (iv) Involved in tendon repair	CD29, CD90, P75, vimentin, Snail, SOX-10	Xu et al., 2015 [50]