Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Immunomodulatory Therapeutics

Table 1

Effects of MSCs on experimental animal models of inflammatory conditions.

Model	Animals (strain)	MSCs			Ref.
		Source	Route	Effects & note
IBD (TNBS induced)	Rat (SD)	Rat BM	IV	Suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colon tissues	[49]
IBD (DSS induced)	Mouse (KM)	Human UC	IV	Regulation of IL-7 production in macrophages	[50]
Arthritis (DTH)	Mouse (BALB/c)	Mouse BM	Footpad	Anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of plasmablast differentiation and generation of Breg cells	[51]
Arthritis (CIA)	Mouse (DBA/1)	Mouse BM	IV		[51]
Synovitis	Pig (white pig)	Pig BM	Intra-articular	Decreased synovial lymphocytes and downregulation of TNF-α transcripts	[52]
Sepsis (cecal ligation)	Rat (SD)	Rat AT	IV	Decreased levels of inflammatory mediators in circulation, bronchioalveolar lavage, and abdominal ascites	[53]
	Mouse (C57BL/6)	Human UC	IV	Reduction of inflammation and lethality through the regulation of macrophage polarization	[54]
GVHD (allo-HSCT)	Mouse (BALB/c)	Human UC	IV	Suppression of cytotoxic T cells and inflammatory cytokine production	[55]
T1DM (STZ induced)	Mouse (C57BL/6)	Mouse AT	IP	Symptom reduction via regulation of Th cell subtype differentiation	[56]
Islet transplantation	Mouse (NSG)	Human BM	IV	Support stable transplantation of islet via Treg cell induction	[57]
Burn injury	Rat (SD)	Human UC	IV	Attenuation of excessive inflammation by miR-181c	[58]
Liver injury (ConA induced)	Mouse (C57BL/6)	Mouse BM	IV	Decrease in ALT, liver necrosis, and apoptosis via Treg cell generation	[59]
Spinal cord injury	Mouse (C57BL/6)	Human UC	IV	Functional recovery of spinal cord injury through downregulation of inflammatory cytokines	[60]

IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; TNBS: trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DTH: delayed-type hypersensitivity; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; GVHS: graft-versus-host disease; allo-HSCT: allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; T1 DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; STZ: streptozotocin; ConA: concanavalin A; BM: bone marrow; UC: umbilical cord; AT: adipose tissue; IV: intravenous; IP: intraperitoneal; Breg: regulatory B cells; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1; Th cell: helper T cell; Treg cell: regulatory T cell; ALT: aminotransferase.