Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis of Haematological Malignancies

Figure 3

Interaction between multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and tumor cells in haematological malignancies. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), multiple myeloma (MM), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-EV) promote tumor cell proliferation, survival, and homing, leading to disease progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. MSC-EV induce direct or indirect angiogenesis and modulate clonogenicity and stemness of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Tumor-EV influence bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) by enhancing their survival and secretion of multiple cytokines and growth factors and promoting the metabolic switch. These alterations promote protumoral properties in BM-MSC, which in turn supply essential factors to tumor cells and improve their proliferation, survival, and homing. This bidirectional crosstalk also occurs in acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), lymphomas, multiple myeloma (MM), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). EC: endothelial cells.