|
Plant extracts | MSC source | Differentiate into | Mechanism of action | References |
|
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) | — | Osteogenic | Increases ALP activity, expression of osteogenesis-stimulating genes, β-catenin, BMP-2, cyclin D1, MT1MMP (membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase), osteoprotegerin, and TBX3 (T-box 3) | [107] |
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) | Rat MSC | Osteogenic | Increases ALP activity, osteoprotegerin- (OPG-) to-receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA level increase | [108] |
China Herba epimedii | h BM-MSC | Osteogenic | Increases ALP activity and enhances mRNA expression of BMP-2, Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2), and OPN (osteopontin) | [109] |
Rhizoma drynariae | hBM-MSC | Osteogenic | Increases expression of ALP, collagen I, osteopontin, and osteocalcin genes | [93] |
Ferula gummosa | hBM-MSC | Osteogenic | Increases alkaline phosphatase activity | [105] |
TCM: ZD-I | Telomerized hMSCs | Osteogenic | Increases mRNA expression of ALP, Runx2, and osteocalcin | [102] |
Ginkgo biloba | hBM-MSC | Osteogenic | Increases transcriptional levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), β-catenin, and cyclin D1 | [106] |
Berberis aristata | h BM-MSC | Osteogenic | Enhances Runx2, osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) expression and activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway | [110] |
Mucuna gigantea | hBM-MSC | Neurogenic | Increases expression of mRNA for nestin (a neural precursor marker) and β-tubulin III (an immature neuron marker) | [111] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | hUC-WJ MSCs | Neurogenic | Induces expression of nestin, beta-tubulin III, neurofilament (NF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) | [112] |
Olea europaea leaf | — | Endothelial/vascular genesis | Increases gene expression for vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1 | [113] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | hMSC | Osteogenic | Increases expression of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin, Runx2, and osterix and promotes osteogenesis by activating the ERK signaling pathway | [114] |
Angelica sinensis | AD-MSCs | Neurogenic | Increases expression of neuron-specific enolase (a specific marker of neurons) | [115] |
Epimedium pubescens (TCM) | hM-MSCs | Osteogenic | Increases activity of ALP and the amount of calcified nodules and expression of BMP-2 also increase | [96] |
Ocimum basilicum | DP-MSCs | Osteogenic | Osteonectin and osteocalcin levels increase | [98] |
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) | hBM-MSC | Osteogenic | Osteocalcin, Runx2, BMP2, and ALP gene expression upregulate | [100] |
Foeniculum vulgare | hBM-MSC | Osteogenic | 17β-Estradiol and ALP activity increase | [103] |
Thymbra spicata var. intricata | h-DP and BM-MSCs | Osteogenic | Osteocalcin (OCN) (late osteogenic marker) level increases | [101] |
Cissus quadrangularis (Linn.) | Wistar rat BM-MSCs | Osteogenic | Increases ALP activity | [91] |
|