A Review on the Effect of Plant Extract on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Table 2

Effect of plant extracts on MSC differentiation.

Plant extracts	MSC source	Differentiate into	Mechanism of action	References
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL)	—	Osteogenic	Increases ALP activity, expression of osteogenesis-stimulating genes, β-catenin, BMP-2, cyclin D1, MT1MMP (membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase), osteoprotegerin, and TBX3 (T-box 3)	[107]
Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL)	Rat MSC	Osteogenic	Increases ALP activity, osteoprotegerin- (OPG-) to-receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA level increase	[108]
China Herba epimedii	h BM-MSC	Osteogenic	Increases ALP activity and enhances mRNA expression of BMP-2, Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2), and OPN (osteopontin)	[109]
Rhizoma drynariae	hBM-MSC	Osteogenic	Increases expression of ALP, collagen I, osteopontin, and osteocalcin genes	[93]
Ferula gummosa	hBM-MSC	Osteogenic	Increases alkaline phosphatase activity	[105]
TCM: ZD-I	Telomerized hMSCs	Osteogenic	Increases mRNA expression of ALP, Runx2, and osteocalcin	[102]
Ginkgo biloba	hBM-MSC	Osteogenic	Increases transcriptional levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), β-catenin, and cyclin D1	[106]
Berberis aristata	h BM-MSC	Osteogenic	Enhances Runx2, osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) expression and activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway	[110]
Mucuna gigantea	hBM-MSC	Neurogenic	Increases expression of mRNA for nestin (a neural precursor marker) and β-tubulin III (an immature neuron marker)	[111]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	hUC-WJ MSCs	Neurogenic	Induces expression of nestin, beta-tubulin III, neurofilament (NF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)	[112]
Olea europaea leaf	—	Endothelial/vascular genesis	Increases gene expression for vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1	[113]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	hMSC	Osteogenic	Increases expression of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin, Runx2, and osterix and promotes osteogenesis by activating the ERK signaling pathway	[114]
Angelica sinensis	AD-MSCs	Neurogenic	Increases expression of neuron-specific enolase (a specific marker of neurons)	[115]
Epimedium pubescens (TCM)	hM-MSCs	Osteogenic	Increases activity of ALP and the amount of calcified nodules and expression of BMP-2 also increase	[96]
Ocimum basilicum	DP-MSCs	Osteogenic	Osteonectin and osteocalcin levels increase	[98]
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root)	hBM-MSC	Osteogenic	Osteocalcin, Runx2, BMP2, and ALP gene expression upregulate	[100]
Foeniculum vulgare	hBM-MSC	Osteogenic	17β-Estradiol and ALP activity increase	[103]
Thymbra spicata var. intricata	h-DP and BM-MSCs	Osteogenic	Osteocalcin (OCN) (late osteogenic marker) level increases	[101]
Cissus quadrangularis (Linn.)	Wistar rat BM-MSCs	Osteogenic	Increases ALP activity	[91]