The Emerging Role of GC-MSCs in the Gastric Cancer Microenvironment: From Tumor to Tumor Immunity

Figure 1

The important role of GC-MSCs in GC progression. (a) GC-MSC origin from BM-MSCs, which could be mediated by miR-155-5p inhibition to transfer into GC-MSCs. (b) GC-MSC-derived CM, containing molecules including IL-8, IL-15, and PDGF-DD, promote GC progression through AKT/ERK, PDGF-DD/PDGFR-β, IL-15/STAT3 signaling pathways, respectively. (c) Changes of molecule expression in GC-MSC influence GC progression. miR-155-5p overexpression in GC-MSCs could reverse the tumor-promoting phenotype and function; YAP knockdown in GC-MSCs inhibits GC-MSC functionality and suppresses the GC growth; miR-221 in GC-MSCs could be delivered to GC cells through exosomes, which increase miR-21 expression in GC cells and promote GC progression.

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