| | Proliferation capacity | Cell surface markers | Multipotent differentiation in vivo/in vitro | Immunomodulatory properties | Potential clinical application | References | | Positive | Negative | |
| | DFCs | ++++ | CD9 CD10 CD13 CD29 CD44 CD53 CD56 CD59 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD106 CD146 CD166 CD271 STRO-1 NOTCH-1 HLA-ABC, NANOG SOX2 OCT4, nestin, and beta-III-tubulin | CD31 CD34 CD45 CD133 | Alveolar bone, PDL, cementum, adipocyte, osteoblast, cementoblast/chondrocyte, neuron-like cell cardiomyocyte, and dentin-like tissues | Immunosuppressive properties expressing TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4; increased IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β, and IDO-1; decreased IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-8; suppressed proliferation of PBMCs; decreased number of CD4+ T cells and increased regulatory T cells | Bone defects, tooth root regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, and neural tissue regeneration | [11–16] |
| | DPSCs | +++ | CD9 CD10 CD13 CD29 CD44 CD59 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD146 CD106 CD146 CD166 CD271 STRO-1, TRA1-60, and NANOG SOX2 Oct-4 TRA-1-80-1 | CD14 CD19 CD24 CD117 CD34 CD45 CD31 CD133 | Adipocyte, dentin-pulp, bone muscle/odontoblast, myoblast adipocyte, osteoblast, neuron-like cell, cardiomyocyte, and hepatocyte-like cell | Immunosuppressive properties increased HGF, TGF-β, PGE-2, IL-6, IDO, and IL-10; decreased IL-4 and IFN-γ; increased number of regulatory T cells; suppressed proliferation of T cells and PBMCs; inducing activated T cells apoptosis | Bone defects, dentin-pulp repair, and neural tissue regeneration | [11, 15, 17–21] |
| | PDLSCs | ++ | CD9 CD10 CD13 CD29 CD44 CD59 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD106 CD146 CD166 CD271 STRO-1 | CD11b CD14 CD19 CD34 CD45 CD79α HLA-DR | Cementum, PDL/chondrocyte, osteoblast, cementoblast, and adipocyte neuron-like cell | Immunosuppressive properties expressing TLR2 and TLR4; released IDO, HGF, and TGF-β; suppressed proliferation of PBMCs and reduced induction of Tregs | Tooth root regeneration and periodontal tissue regeneration | [14, 15, 18, 21–24] |
| | ABMSCs | + | CD13 CD29 CD44 CD71 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD146 CD166 STRO-1, OCT4 NANOG SOX2, and nestin | CD11b CD14 CD19 CD34 CD45 CD31 | Bone/osteoblast, chondrocyte, and adipocyte | Expressing TLR2, 4 5, 7, 1, 10, 8, 3, and 6 | Bone defect and periodontal regeneration | [15, 25–29] |
| | SHEDs | +++ | CD29 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD146 CD166 STRO-1, NANOG, and nestin | CD14 CD34 CD45 | Bone dentin-pulp, microvessels/chondrocyte, myocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and neuron-like cell | Immunosuppressive properties inhibited Th17 cell differentiation; increased number of Tregs; corrected CD4+ T cell immune imbalance in allergic diseases; increased IL-10 and decreased IL-4 and IFN-γ | Craniofacial bone defects, dentin-pulp repair, Neural regeneration, and tooth root regeneration | [11, 30–37] |
| | SCAPs | ++ | CD13 CD29 CD49 CD51 CD56 CD61 CD73 CD146 CD90 CD44 CD24 CD106 CD146 CD166 STRO-1, NANOG, and nestin | CD14 CD18 CD34 CD45 CD117 CD150 | Dentin-pulp/osteoblast, adipocyte, odontoblasts, hepatocytes, and neuron-like cell | Low immunogenicity inhibited proliferation of T cells; overexpressed Nfic to suppress LPS-initiated innate immune responses | Bone regeneration, tooth root regeneration, dentin-pulp repair, neural regeneration and repair, and periodontal regeneration | [30, 31, 38–41] |
| | GMSCs | ++ | CD29 CD44 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD106 CD166 STRO-1, NANOG, and nestin | CD14 CD117 CD34 CD45 | Cartilage, bone, muscle/adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte, and neuron-like cell | Immunosuppressive properties expressing TLR1, 4, 5, 7, and 10; inhibited proliferation of T cells, Th17; increasing CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs; releasing IL-6, IDO, IL-10, COX-2, and iNOS | Calvarial defects, neural regeneration, and periodontal regeneration | [32, 42–45] |
| | TGSCs | Not reported | CD29 CD73 CD90 CD105 CD166 STRO-1 | CD14 CD34 CD45 CD133 | Bone/osteoblast, odontoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, and endothelial cell | Seldom reported | Bone repair and cartilage regeneration | [30, 46, 47] |
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