|
| Cell type | Parameters | Effects | Ref |
|
| Human BMSCs | 1% strain; 1 Hz; 30 min/day. | Maintained the expression of SCX. | [44] |
| Rat BMSCs | 2% strain; 0.5 cycles/min; 30 min/day. | Increased cellularity and tensile strength; promoted ECM deposition and fiber alignment. | [24] |
| Rat BMSCs | 2% strain; 0.5, 1, and 2 cycles/min; 0.5, 1, and 2 h/day. | Significantly increased cellularity and tensile strength; further ECM deposition and fiber alignment. | [43] |
| Rabbit TDSCs | 2% strain; 1 Hz; stretching and rest alternated. | Promoted tenogenic differentiation (COL 3A1 and DCN). | [37] |
| Rat BMSCs | 2.4% strain; 1 Hz; stretching for 20 s and resting for 100 s. | Significantly promoted COL I expression; increased stiffness of construct. | [45] |
| Rabbit MSCs | 2.4% strain; 1 Hz, 8 h/day. | Significantly increased COL I expression. Increased the linear stiffness of construct. | [46] |
| Dog BMSCs | 3.0% strain; 0.2 Hz; 20 min/h, 12 h/day. | The elongated cell morphology; promoted cell infiltration and retained mechanical properties; promoted the tenogenic differentiation. | [7, 47, 48] |
| Equine BMSCs, ASCs, TDSCs | 3% strain; 0.33 Hz; 1 h/day. | Promoted cell infiltration and tenogenic differentiation; increased mechanical properties. | [49] |
| Human ASCs | 4% strain; 0.5 Hz; 2 h/day. | Significantly increased the tendon-related genes and proteins. | [33] |
| Rabbit BMSCs | A 5% translational strain and a 90° rotational strain; 0.1 Hz; 12 h/day. | Upregulated the expression of tendon-related ECM proteins (COL I, TNC, and TNMD); promoted cell alignment. | [50] |
| Human BMSCs | 5% strain; 1 Hz; 1 h/day. | An upregulation in a number of key tendon genes (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, TNC, ELN, and FN). | [51] |
| Rat TDSCs | 6% strain; 0.25 Hz; 8 h/day. | Induced tenogenic-specific differentiation; aligned and compact F-actin network. | [10] |
| Human fibroblasts | 10% strain; 0.25 Hz; 8 h/day. | Significant increased cell proliferation and increased COL I, TFG-β1, and CTGF expression; increased COL I and FN deposition. | [52] |
| Human BMSCs | 10% strain; 0.33 Hz. | Increased COL I, COL III, and SCX expression compared to control group. | [53] |
| Murine fibroblasts | 10% strain; 0.5 Hz. | Better alignment of collagen fibers and proper organization of ECM. | [15] |
| Human BMSCs | 10% strain; 1 Hz; 2 h/day. | Enhanced expression of COL I, EphA4, and SCX; elongated cell morphology. | [34, 54] |
| Human BMSCs | 10% strain; 1 Hz; 3 h of strain followed by 3 h rest. | Significantly upregulated tendon related genes (COL I, COL III, and TNC). | [55] |
| Human BMSCs | 10% strain and axial rotation; 1 Hz. | Significantly enhanced cell infiltration, matrix synthesis (COL I and III and TNC), and ultimate tensile load of engineered tendons. | [8] |
| Equine BMSCs | 3%, or 5% strain; 0.33 Hz; 1 h/day. | 3% strain promoted cell infiltration, tenogenic differentiation, and increased construct elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength. | [56] |
| Human BMSCs | 4, 8 or 12% strain; 0.5 or 1 Hz. | The highest proliferation rate at 1 Hz and at 4% strain. The highest tenogenic expression at 8% and 12% strain. | [27] |
| Human BMSCs | 4, 8 or 12% strain; 1 Hz. | Higher tenogenic gene expressions at 8% (highest) and 12% strain (COL I, COL III, FN, and N-cadherin). | [28] |
| Rabbit TDSCs | In vitro: 4% strain; 0.5 Hz; 2 h/day.
In vivo: implanted into the mouse back. | In vitro: promoted tendon-specific genes and protein expression.
In vivo: more parallelly arranged matrixes (COL I, COL III, and TNC); the mature engineered tendon.
Both: increased cell proliferation, elongated cell morphology, and mechanical properties. | [6] |
| Human ESC-MSCs | In vitro: 10% strain; 1 Hz; 2 h/day.
In vivo: implanted into the mouse back. | In vitro: unregulated the expression of tendon-related genes (SCX, COL I, COL III, and Epha4).
In vivo: elongated morphology of cells; promote more parallel alignment. | [57]
[58] |
| Rat BMSCs | In vitro: 15% strain; 1 Hz.
In vivo: implanted into the hind limbs of mice. | In vitro: increased cell viability and the expression of SCX and TNC; COL1a1 and TNC expression did not significantly change; increased pore size.
In vivo: better mechanical properties and cell alignment (after prestretching in vitro). | [35] |
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