The Application of Mechanical Stimulations in Tendon Tissue Engineering

Table 3

Combination of the mechanical and biochemical stimulations in tendon tissue engineering.

Cell type	Biochemical stimulation	Mechanical stimulation	Effects	Ref
Murine fibroblasts	5 ng/ml TGF-β1.	10% strain; 0.5 Hz.	Synergistically promoted the tenogenic differentiation.	[15]
Rat BMSCs	10 ng/ml TFG-β1.	15% strain; 1 Hz.	Synergistically increased cell viability, the tenogenic differentiation, and the mechanical properties of construct.	[35]
Human BMSCs	10 ng/ml BMP-12.	Static tension (day 0~7: 15% strain; day 7~: 30%)	Synergistically promoted the tenogenic differentiation and cell alignment.	[23]
Human BMSCs	hGDF-5/BMP-14 (loaded into the PLGA microcarriers).	10% strain; 1 Hz.	Synergistically induced the expression of COL I and III, DCN, SCX, and TNC.	[34]
Equine ASCs	10 ng/μl GDF-5,6,7.	4% strain; stretching for 2 h; followed by a 6 h pause.	Induced the higher tendon associated gene expression, especially for COMP and SCX compared single stimulus.	[64]
Rat BMSCs	1600 ng/scaffold GDF-5.	10% strain; 0.33 Hz.	Mechanical stimulation and GDF-5 increased the expression of COL I and SCX compared to control. No obvious additive synergism.	[53]