Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review of the Studies Using Syngeneic, Autologous, Allogeneic, and Xenogeneic Cells

Table 3

Allogeneic MSC-based clinical trials.

MSC source	DM type	Age	Time of DM	Number of patients	Number of injections/route of delivery	Number of cells injected	Follow-up (m)	Results	Adverse events	Ref
AT-ISC-MSC+HSC; Conditioning	1	13-43 y (21 y)	1-24 y (8.2 y)	11	Single dose, omental vein	Mean total cell quantum transplanted: 96.3 ml (92-118 ml); HSC: /μl (12.2- /μl); MSC: /μl (0.5-/μl)	23	Insulin requirement, HbA1C; C-peptide	None	[156]
Placental	2	45-82 y (66 y)	3-20 y (11 y)	10	Single dose, IV	/kg (1.22-/kg)	3	Insulin requirement, HbA1c; C-peptide, insulin	None	[165]
Wharton’s jelly-MSC	1	Group 1 (MSC):  y; Group 2 (saline):  y	Newly onset	29; Group 1: Group 2:	Two doses (4 weeks apart), IV	2.6 ± 1.2 × 10^7 (1.5-)	21	FBG, GAD antibody; ↓ Insulin requirement, postprandial glucose, HbA1c; C-peptide, C-peptide/glucose ratio	None	[166]
Wharton’s jelly-MSC	2	y	y	22	One dose IV and one dose intrapancreatic	/kg	12	FBG, postprandial glucose, HbA1c, insulin requirement; C-peptide, HOMA-β; Serum CD3^+ and CD4^+ lymphocytes; Serum CD8^+ lymphocytes; Serum IL-6, IL-1β; Serum TNF-α and IL-10	Fever (), hematoma (), nausea, vomiting, headache ()	[167]
BM (rexlemestrocel-L); eGFR: 20-50 ml/min/1.73 m^2	2	Placebo:  y; Lower dose MSCs:  y; Higher dose MSCs:  y	Time of DM: N/A	30 ( each)	Single dose, IV	/kg (lower dose) or /kg (higher dose)	12	eGFR, albuminuria; Lipid profile; Blood pressure; Serum C-reactive protein, TNF-α; Serum IL-6	None	[155]
UC+autologous BM-MNC	1	Standard care: 13-27 y (20.4 y); Cell therapy: 5-28 y (18.3 y)	Standard care: 2-13 y (7.0 y); Cell therapy: 2-16 y (9.2 y)	42 ( each)	Single dose of each cell, dorsal pancreatic artery	UCB: /kg; BM-MNCs: /kg	12	Cell therapy versus standard care: AUC of C-peptide; AUC of insulin; FBG, HbA1c; Fasting C-peptide; Insulin requirement; Anxiety score; Depression score; Quality of life	Upper respiratory tract infection (), bleeding (), abdominal pain ()	[168]

AT-ISC-MSC: adipose-derived insulin-secreting mesenchymal stem cells; AUC: area under the curve; BM-HSCs: bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells; BM-MNCs: bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells; FBG: fasting blood glucose; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; IV: intravenous; IU: International Units; m: month; NPR: nonproliferative retinopathy; PR: proliferative retinopathy; SC: subcutaneous; ZO-1: zonula occludens-1; y: years.