Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Enhancement by Nicotinamide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A New Therapeutic Approach for Retinal Degenerative Diseases

Figure 6

Glial cell activation. GFAP (red) and Vim (green) immunofluorescence in representative retina samples from (a) fresh NR, (b) control, (c) 24 h-CM, (d) 48 h-CM, (e) aMSC-CM stimulated-combined (PhC 2) with NIC and (f) with NIC+VIP, (g) aMSC-CM stimulated (PhC 3) with NIC and (h) with NIC+VIP ( per group). All explants were cultured for 3 days and had higher glial cell activation than fresh NR samples. However, this activation was lower in NR exposed to aMSC-CM stimulated-combined with NIC+VIP (f). Scale bar denotes 25 μm. aMSC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CM: conditioned medium; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; INL: inner nuclear layer; NIC: nicotinamide; ONL: outer nuclear layer; PhC: pharmaceutical compositions; Vim: Vimentin; VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide.

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