Cytological Effects of Serum Isolated from Polytraumatized Patients on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Figure 1

Results of the multicytokine array. (a) Heat map depicting the changes in cytokine levels in pooled serum from patients at day 1 (D1), day 5 (D5), and day 10 (D10) after polytrauma relative to cytokine levels in serum from healthy controls. The data are normalized by -score () and analyzed by fold change relative to healthy serum (FCRH). A -score of 0 is represented by white color, a -score of 2.5 by red color, and a -score of -2.5 by blue color. -scores in between these values are depicted by less saturated colors of the same color palette. Cluster analysis was performed, and the cytokines were ordered accordingly. Some cytokines have an acute peak on the first day after trauma, and some cytokines peak on the 5^th or 10^th day after trauma, but compared to HS, more than half of the cytokine levels decreased after trauma. The proinflammatory cytokines (b) interleukin- (IL-) 6 and (c) IL-8 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine (d) IL-10 were approximately four times higher at D1 in comparison to HS and two or three times higher when compared to D5 and D10. (e) Osteopontin was increased in the serum from all time points postpolytrauma as compared to serum from healthy donors. The increase in D1, D5, and D10 relative to HS was from six to twenty times. (f) Osteoprotegerin was higher only one day after polytrauma in comparison to HS with a fold change for about three times. (g) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) was increased at all time points after polytrauma in comparison to serum from healthy controls. (h) Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) was decreased in the polytrauma sera as compared to the HS.(i–k) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 were all decreased in polytrauma serum at D1 and D5 as compared to healthy serum (, pooled samples out of 84 donors).

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