Review Article

The Gingiva from the Tissue Surrounding the Bone to the Tissue Regenerating the Bone: A Systematic Review of the Osteogenic Capacity of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preclinical Studies

Table 5

Summary of findings for the in vivo studies (primary outcome result: new bone formation).

No.Author and year of publicationMorphological appearanceFunctional verificationPhenotypic verification
GMSCs
Last time point/weeksMethod of analysisGMSCsOther sourcesPositive controlNegative control (without stem cells)Statistical analysis

1Al-Qadhi et al. (2020) [48]Fibroblast spindle-like cellsND✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD29
✖: CD34, CD45
6H&E stainingNew bone formed at the defect bordersNew bone formed at the defect border and at the center, bridging the defectNewly formed bone restricted to lateral wallsSignificant difference between each stem cell group and the control while nonsignificant between 2 MSC groups
MT stainingAbundance of red color indicating lamellated boneAbundance of red color indicating lamellated boneIntermingling areas of woven bone and lamellated boneSignificant between each stem cell group and the control while nonsignificant between 2 MSC groups

2Sun et al. (2019) [67]Fibroblast spindle-like cellsOsteogenic
Adipogenic
✓: CD105, CD90, CD73
✖: CD45
4H&E stainingMore newly formed bone and higher alveolar bone heightsLimited newly formed boneSignificant decrease in alveolar bone loss in the stem cell group compared to the control
MT stainingAbundance of red color indicating more mature boneLess mature bone

3Xu et al. (2014) [68]Fibroblast spindle-like cellsOsteogenic
Adipogenic
Chondrogenic
✓: CD105, CD73, CD29, CD44, STRO-1
✖: CD144, CD31, HLA-DR, CD34, CD45
3H&E staining
MT#
More newly formed bone than the control groupLimited newly formed boneSignificant difference between the stem cell and control groups

4Moshaverinia et al. (2014) [66]Fibroblast-like cellsOsteogenic✓: CD146, CD166
✖: CD34
8H&E stainingLow amount of new boneHigh amount of new boneHigh amount of new boneLess newly formed boneSignificant difference between dental stem cell sources and the control
MT stainingViable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate patternViable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate patternViable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate patternBundles of collagenous fibers and unresorbed scaffolds
Immunohistochemical stainingMild expression of Runx2 and OCNStrong expression of Runx2 and OCNStrong expression of Runx2 and OCNNo expression
Micro-CTLower newly formed bone in comparison to BMSCs & PDLSCsLargest amount of boneNo bone regenerationSignificant difference between dental stem cell sources and the control
5Yu et al. (2012) [69]Fibroblast-like cellsOsteogenic
Adipogenic
✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29, STRO-1
✖: CD14, CD45, CD144, CD31, HLA-DR
8H&E stainingMore newly formed boneLess newly formed boneSignificant difference between the stem cell and control groups
Picrosirius red stainingNo mineralization but newly formed Sharpey’s fibersNo mineralization but newly formed Sharpey’s fibers

6Wang et al. (2011) [52]Fibroblast-like cellsOsteogenic
Adipogenic
Chondrogenic
✓: CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1
✖: CD34, CD45
8H&E stainingNewly formed bone with the well-mineralized trabecular structureAbundant connective tissue and very limited newly formed boneNR
Immunohistochemical stainingStrong expression of GFP, OPN, and COL1Weak expression of GFP, OPN, and COL1NR