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No. | Author and year of publication | Morphological appearance | Functional verification | Phenotypic verification GMSCs | Last time point/weeks | Method of analysis | GMSCs | Other sources | Positive control | Negative control (without stem cells) | Statistical analysis |
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1 | Al-Qadhi et al. (2020) [48] | Fibroblast spindle-like cells | ND | ✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD29 ✖: CD34, CD45 | 6 | H&E staining | New bone formed at the defect borders | New bone formed at the defect border and at the center, bridging the defect | — | Newly formed bone restricted to lateral walls | Significant difference between each stem cell group and the control while nonsignificant between 2 MSC groups |
MT staining | Abundance of red color indicating lamellated bone | Abundance of red color indicating lamellated bone | — | Intermingling areas of woven bone and lamellated bone | Significant between each stem cell group and the control while nonsignificant between 2 MSC groups |
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2 | Sun et al. (2019) [67] | Fibroblast spindle-like cells | Osteogenic Adipogenic | ✓: CD105, CD90, CD73 ✖: CD45 | 4 | H&E staining | More newly formed bone and higher alveolar bone heights | — | — | Limited newly formed bone | Significant decrease in alveolar bone loss in the stem cell group compared to the control |
MT staining | Abundance of red color indicating more mature bone | — | — | Less mature bone | |
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3 | Xu et al. (2014) [68] | Fibroblast spindle-like cells | Osteogenic Adipogenic Chondrogenic | ✓: CD105, CD73, CD29, CD44, STRO-1 ✖: CD144, CD31, HLA-DR, CD34, CD45 | 3 | H&E staining MT# | More newly formed bone than the control group | | | Limited newly formed bone | Significant difference between the stem cell and control groups |
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4 | Moshaverinia et al. (2014) [66] | Fibroblast-like cells | Osteogenic | ✓: CD146, CD166 ✖: CD34 | 8 | H&E staining | Low amount of new bone | High amount of new bone | High amount of new bone | Less newly formed bone | Significant difference between dental stem cell sources and the control |
MT staining | Viable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate pattern | Viable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate pattern | Viable mature woven bone formation with a lamellate pattern | Bundles of collagenous fibers and unresorbed scaffolds | |
Immunohistochemical staining | Mild expression of Runx2 and OCN | Strong expression of Runx2 and OCN | Strong expression of Runx2 and OCN | No expression | |
Micro-CT | Lower newly formed bone in comparison to BMSCs & PDLSCs | — | Largest amount of bone | No bone regeneration | Significant difference between dental stem cell sources and the control |
5 | Yu et al. (2012) [69] | Fibroblast-like cells | Osteogenic Adipogenic | ✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29, STRO-1 ✖: CD14, CD45, CD144, CD31, HLA-DR | 8 | H&E staining | More newly formed bone | — | — | Less newly formed bone | Significant difference between the stem cell and control groups |
Picrosirius red staining | No mineralization but newly formed Sharpey’s fibers | — | — | No mineralization but newly formed Sharpey’s fibers | — |
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6 | Wang et al. (2011) [52] | Fibroblast-like cells | Osteogenic Adipogenic Chondrogenic | ✓: CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1 ✖: CD34, CD45 | 8 | H&E staining | Newly formed bone with the well-mineralized trabecular structure | — | — | Abundant connective tissue and very limited newly formed bone | NR |
Immunohistochemical staining | Strong expression of GFP, OPN, and COL1 | — | — | Weak expression of GFP, OPN, and COL1 | NR |
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