Stem Cell Therapy and Exercise for Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Figure 1

The morphological alteration in degenerative IVD. The schematic diagram shows healthy IVD and degenerative IVD in left and right, respectively. As the degeneration of the IVD, there is hydration loss and appearance of clefts in the bulged NP and fibrotic AF. The inflammation in the IVD intensifies with the increase of sorts of cytokines. Inward innervation which is associated with the pain in IDD is found.