Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are found in vivo at low frequency and are defined by their capacity to differentiate into bone, cartilage, or adipose tissue, and so on. Although MSCs were thought to be the panacea for regenerative medicine, they appear to be also important to regulate the immune response invoked in settings such as trauma, transplantation, and autoimmunity. Recent reports investigated that MSCs have been used in practice to treat graft-versus-host disease, skeleton repair, and tissue regeneration. Successful immune modulation researches suggest efficacy in a wide range of autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn’s disease.

However, the fundamental machinery of MSCs therapeutic mechanism and different use strategy has yet to be fully elucidated. Thus the potential consequence of MSCs in clinical administration is not fully known yet. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved with MSCs function will have broad implications for understanding underlying mechanisms of injury, tissue repair, and regeneration, as well as the immune modulation, and hematopoiesis, which will aid in mammalian health and regenerative medicine.

In this special issue, we invite papers investigating the function of MSCs, including the function of tissue specific MSCs, the differential potential, the immune modulatory feature, the therapeutic outcome in various injuries or diseases, and the valuable administration strategy.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Functional comparison of tissue specific MSCs
• MSCs differentiation and development mechanism
• MSCs marker and significant subpopulation characterization
• MSCs’ contribution to hematopoiesis
• MSCs’ role in irradiation defense
• MSCs in immune modulation and implications for diseases
• MSCs in trauma, injury, and repair machinery
• The administration strategy (isolation, purification, dosage, and transplantation methods) and efficacy of MSCs