Smaller Fleas: Viruses of Microorganisms

Table 2

Representative sequenced archaeal viruses emphasizing diversity of virion structure.

Virus host^9	Virus name	Family (genus) [description]	Type^10	Genome	Size (GenBank accession number)	Source	Reference^11
(C.) Acidianus convivator	Acidianus bottle-shaped virus (ABV)	Ampullaviridae (Ampullavirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	23,814 nt (NC_009452)	Solfatara volcano water reservoir, Pozzuoli, Italy	Peng et al. [86]
(C.) Acidianus convivator	Acidianus two-tailed virus (ATV)	Bicaudaviridae (Bicaudavirus) [lemon shaped prior to growing tails]	Yes	dsDNA circular	62,730 nt (NC_007409)	Hot (87–93^°C) acidic (pH 1.5–2) spring, solfataric field, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy	Prangishvili et al. [87]
(C.) Acidianus hospitalis	Acidianus filamentous virus 1 (AFV1)	Lipothrixviridae ^12 (Gammalipothrixvirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	20,869 nt (NC_005830)	Acidic hot spring (85^°C, pH 2), Crater Hills region, YNP^13	Bettstetter et al. [88]
(C.) Acidianus sp.	Acidianus filamentous virus 2 (AFV2)	Lipothrixviridae (Deltalipothrixvirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	31,787 nt (NC_009884)	Lake in crater, Solfatara volcano, Pozzuoli, Italy, with underlying hot springs (87–93^°C, pH 1.5–2)	Häring et al. [89, 90]
(C.) Aeropyrum pernix	Aeropyrum pernix bacilliform virus 1 (APBV1)	Clavaviridae (Clavavirus)	Yes	dsDNA circular	5,278 nt (AB537968)	Coastal hot spring in Yamagawa, Ibusuki City, Kagoshima, Japan.	Mochizuki et al. [91]
(C.) Pyrobaculum and Thermoproteus	Pyrobaculum spherical virus (PSV)	Globuloviridae (Globulovirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	28,337 nt (NC_005872)	Bioreactor based on Obsidian Pool, YNP	Häring et al. [92]
(C.) Sulfolobus islandicus	Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (SIFV)	Lipothrixviridae (Betalipothrixvirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	40,900 nt (NC_003214)	Solfataric fields, Iceland	Arnold et al. [93]
(C.) Sulfolobus islandicus	Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 (SIRV2)	Rudiviridae; (Rudivirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	35,450 nt (NC_004086)	Solfataric fields, Iceland	Prangishvili et al. [94]
(C.) Sulfolobus neozealandicus	Sulfolobus 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑠^14 droplet-shaped virus (SNDV)	Guttaviridae (Guttavirus)	Yes	dsDNA circular	20 kb (not sequenced)	Isolated from carrier state^15 with host	Arnold et al. [95]
(C.) Sulfolobus 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑒^16	Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1)^17	Fuselloviridae (Fusellovirus)	Yes	dsDNA circular	15,465 nt (NC_001338)	Lysogen isolated from Beppu Hot Springs, Japan	Schleper et al. [96]; Yeats et al. [97]
(C.) Sulfolobus solfataricus	Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV)	Unclassified [icosahedral, “turret”-like projections, surrounding lipid that in turn surrounds viral DNA]		dsDNA circular	17,663 nt (NC_005892)	Acidic (pH 2.9–3.9) hot spring (72–92^°C), Rabbit Creek Thermal Area, YNP	Rice et al. [98]
(C.) Thermoproteus tenax	Thermoproteus tenax virus 1 (TTV1)	Lipothrixviridae (Alphalipothrixvirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	13,669 nt (X14855)	Lysogen isolated from mud hole (93^°C, pH 6), Krafla, Iceland	Janekovic et al. [99]
(E.) Haloarcula hispanica	His1 virus	[spindle/lemon-shaped, short “tail”-like fiber] (Salterprovirus)	Yes	dsDNA linear	14,462 nt (NC_007914)	Hypersaline water, Avalon Saltern, Corio Bay, Victoria, Australia	Bath and Dyall-Smith [100]
(E.) Haloarcula hispanica	Halovirus SH1 (a.k.a., Haloarcula phage SH1)	Unclassified [icosahedral and lipid containing]		dsDNA linear	30,889 nt (NC_007217)	Hypersaline, Serpentine Lake, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, Australia	Porter et al. [101]
(E.) Halorubrum coriense	Halorubrum phage HF2	Myoviridae [=contractile tail] (ΦH-like viruses)		dsDNA linear	77,670 nt (NC_003345)	Saltern, Geelong, Victoria, Australia	Tang et al. [102]
(E.) Halorubrum sp.	Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1 (HRPV1)	Unclassified [lipid-containing virion]		ssDNA circular	7,048 nt (NC_012558)	Solar saltern, Trapani, Sicily, Italy	Pietilä et al. [103]
(E.) Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg	Methanobacterium phage 𝜓M1	Siphoviridae [=long, non-contractile tail] (𝜓M1-like viruses)	Yes	dsDNA linear	>26,111 nt^18 (NC_001902)	Experimental autodigester (55–60^°C)	Meile et al. [104]; Pfister et al. [105]

⁹(C.): Crenarchaeota. (E.): Euryarchaeota.
¹⁰Viral type species.
¹¹Additional references were also consulted in assembling the table, particularly Pina et al. [39] and Krupovic et al. [40].
¹²Members of family Lipothrixviridae have enveloped, filamentous virions.
¹³Yellowstone National Park, USA.
¹⁴More often found as Sulfolobus newzealandicus but is S. neozealandicus in the original publication.
¹⁵Carrier state can refer to a number of different phenomena including chronic infections, lytic infection of only a fraction of bacteria in culture, or unstable lysogeny [106] but with archaeal viruses the meaning tends to be synonymous with chronic infections [39].
¹⁶Described as S. shibatae B12 by Schleper et al. [96] but as S. acidocaldarius B12 by both Martin et al. [107] and Yeats et al. [97].
¹⁷Originally called SAV1 for S. acidocaldarius virus [107].
¹⁸Archaeal virus 𝜓M2 is a spontaneous deletion mutant of 𝜓M1 (at least 0.7 kb missing), and we have listed 𝜓M2’s genome length and accession number; within virions, 𝜓M1 possesses ~3 kb of circular redundancy, and as reviewed by Pfister et al. [105], “phage particles have been shown by electron microscopy to contain 30.4 ± 1.0 kb of DNA.”