Review Article
Patent Foramen Ovale and Closure Technique with the Amplatzer Occluder
Table 1
Potential indications for PFO closure.
| (i) Secondary prevention | | (a) Stroke | | (b) Transient ischemic attack | | (c) Embolic myocardial infarction | | (d) Peripheral embolism | | (e) Decompression incident | | (f) High altitude pulmonary edema | | (ii) Primary prevention | | (a) Aggravating PFO attributes | | (1) Atrial septal aneurysm | | (2) Eustachian valve | | (3) Chiari network | | (b) Prothrombotic state | | (c) Deep vein thrombosis | | (d) Pulmonary embolism | | (e) Pacemaker/defibrillator electrodes | | (f) Embolism-prone surgery | | (1) Major orthopedic | | (2) Cerebral in sitting position | | (g) Planned pregnancy | | (h) Carcinoid tumor | | (i) Special congenital situations | | (iii) Therapeutic | | (a) Migraine (with aura) | | (b) Platypnea orthodeoxia | | (c) Provoked exercise desaturation | | (d) Sleep apnea | | (iv) Vocational or recreational | | (a) Deep sea diver | | (b) Mountain climber, highlander | | (c) Brass musician | | (d) Glass blower | | (e) Tile setter | | (f) Military jet | | (g) Astronaut or commercial pilot driver | | (h) Acrobat pilot | |
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