The Clinical Benefits of Adding a Third Dimension to Assess the Left Ventricle with Echocardiography

Table 4

Published reference values for three-dimensional echocardiography derived left ventricular geometry and function parameters.

	Aune et al. 2010 [42]	Fukuda et al. 2012 [40]	Chahal et al. 2012 [44]	Muraru et al. 2013 [41]
Number of subjects	166	410	978	226
Women (%)	52	38	36	55
Ethnicity	Scandinavian	Japanese	51% European white; 49% Asian Indian	Italian
Age range (years)	29–80	20–69	35–75	18–75
Setting	Single center	Multicenter (23 centers in Japan)	Clinic rosters of 58 general practitioners	Single center
Echo system vendor(s) and machine model(s)	Philips, iE33	Philips: iE33 and Sonos 7500 and GE: Vivid 7 and E9	Philips iE33	GE Vivid E9
Weight (kg)
Men	83	66	—	76
Women	69	50	—	61
Body surface area (m^2)
Men	2.05	1.8	White: 2.0; Indian: 1.9	1.93
Women	1.78	1.5	White: 1.8; Indian: 1.7	1.66
EDVi (mL/m^2)
Men	66 (ULN = 86)	50 (ULN = 64)	White: 49 (ULN = 67); Indian: 41 (ULN = 59)	63 (ULN = 85)
Women	58 (ULN = 74)	46 (ULN = 64)	White: 42 (ULN = 58); Indian: 39 (ULN = 55)	56 (ULN = 72)
ESVi (mL/m^2)
Men	29 (ULN = 41)	19 (ULN = 29)	White: 19 (ULN = 29); Indian: 16 (ULN = 26)	24 (ULN = 34)
Women	23 (ULN = 33)	17 (ULN = 25)	White: 16 (ULN = 24); Indian: 15 (ULN = 23)	20 (ULN = 28)
SVi (mL/m^2)
Men	—	—	—	39 (LLN = 25)
Women	—	—	—	36 (LLN = 24)
Ejection fraction (%)
Men	57 (LLN = 49)	61 (LLN = 53)	White: 61 (LLN = 51); Indian: 62 (LLN = 50)	62 (LLN = 54)
Women	61 (LLN = 49)	63 (LLN = 55)	White: 63 (LLN = 53); Indian: 63 (LLN = 53)	65 (LLN = 57)
Mass index (g/m^2)
Men	—	64 (ULN = 88)	—	77 (ULN = 57)
Women	—	56 (ULN =78)	—	74 (ULN = 58)
Mass/EDV (g/mL)	—		—
Men	—	1.3 (ULN = 1.9)	—	1.24 (ULN = 1.60)
Women	—	1.2 (ULN = 1.8)	—	1.30 (ULN = 1.66)

EDVi: end-diastolic volume index; ESVi: end-systolic volume index; LLN: lower limit of normal; SVi: stroke volume index; ULN: upper limit of normal.
Data are reported as mean value (ULN or LLN as specified). LLN and ULN are defined as mean ± 2 standard deviations.