Low Density of Top Predators (Seabirds and Marine Mammals) in the High Arctic Pack Ice
Table 3
Observations of top predators during the same transect visited three times, between Tromsø and the high Arctic pack ice (83°N): main species; total number; mean per count; and mean per km.
Zone
Polarstern expedition
n
Latitude °N
Longitude °E
Salinity
Temperature °C
Ice cover %
Fluorescence (chlorophyll)
Speed knots
Fulmar
Brünnich’s guillemot
Little auk
Fulmarus glacialis
Uria lomvia
Alle alle
Mean (min–max)
Mean (min–max)
Mean (min–max)
Mean (min–max)
Mean (min–max)
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
1a
PS86
101
70.1/78.4
20.2/−2.4
34.7 (33.2–35.1)
7.1 (2.5–10.6)
0
11.2 (6.0–11.5)
407
4.0
0.36
21
0.21
0.02
4
1a
PS86
89
70.7/77.8
6.0/19.0
34.3 (34.2–35.1)
8.6 (2.7–12.0)
0
10.9 (3.9–12.7)
1140
12.8
1.17
62
0.75
0.07
460
4.30
0.39
1a
PS87
68
70.2/77.98
20.2/2.44
34.6 (32.5–35.1)
8.0 (3.2–12.4)
0
9.0 (4.1–11.0)
424
5.7
6.19
150
2.21
0.24
32
0.47
0.05
258
70.1/78.4
20.2/−2.4
34.5 (32.5–35.1)
7.9 (2.5–12.4)
0
2.79 (0.08–12.7)
10.4 (3.9–11.5)
1971
7.64
0.76
233
0.90
0.09
496
1.92
0.18
1b
PS86
28
78.5/79.2
−2.80/−7.3
30.25 (29.9–31.7)
−0.63 (−1.3–0.31)
6.3 (3.8–9.0)
31
1.1
0.17
0
10
0.08
0.1
1b
PS86
53
79.2/81.3
6.0/−5.6
31.15 (29.6–35.1)
0.39 (−0.97–3.73)
8.9 (4.9–11.5)
73
1.38
0.16
2
28
0.39
0.04
1b
PS87
83
78.1/81.5
2.17/−6.65
30.22 (29.3–33.8)
0.34 (−1.1–4.3)
5.99 (2.80–7.50)
89
1.07
0.18
11
0.13
0.02
528
6.36
1.06
164
78.1/81.5
2.17/−6.65
30.54 (29.3–35.1)
0.03 (−1.3–4.3)
17 (0–80)
0.88 (0.47–2.3)
7.06 (2.80–11.5)
193
1.18
0.16
13
0.08
0.01
566
3.45
0.49
2a
PS86
115
79.2/82.9
−5.7/−9.8
30.54 (29.9–31.5)
−0.86 (−1.30–1.60)
6.1 (3.8–9.0)
94
0.82
0.13
1
4
2a
PS87
32
81.5/82.9
−4.52/−6.61
31.06 (29.3–31.1)
−1.47 (−0.97– −1.70)
4.4 (2.50–6.10)
19
0.59
0.13
0
0
147
79.2/82.9
−9.8/−4.52
30.80 (29.30–31.5)
−1.16 (−0.97– −1.70)
70 (20–90)
1.19 (0.13–5.5)
8.4 (2.50–9.0)
113
0.77
0.09
1
4
Zone
Puffin
Ivory gull
Kittiwake
Wh.-beaked dolphin
Fin whale
Harp seal
Hooded seal
Fratercula arctica
Pagophila eburnea
Rissa tridactyla
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Balaenoptera physalus
Pagophilus groenlandicus
Cystophora cristata
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
Mean
N/km
Total
1a
157
1.6
0.14
1
49
0.50
0.04
8
4
0
0
1a
116
1.3
0.12
0
117
1.3
0.12
207
2.3
30
0.3
0.03
0
0
1a
1824
26.8
2.98
0
16
0.24
0.03
24
3
0.05
0.005
0
0
2097
8.13
0.78
1
182
0.71
0.07
239
0.94
37
0.14
0.01
0
0
1b
0
8
0.28
0.04
5
0.18
0.03
0
3
0.11
0.01
0
1b
0
14
0.26
0.02
64
1.21
0.14
0
0
1
1b
3
55
0.66
0.11
134
1.61
0.27
0
1
2
3
77
0.47
0.07
203
1.18
0.16
0
4
3
2a
0
143
1.24
0.20
33
0.29
0.05
0
2
0.02
0.003
14
2a
0
4
23
0.72
0.16
0
0
0
0
147
1.00
0.12
56
0.38
0.045
0
2
14
For mean values above 0.1 per count for birds and above 0.01 for mammals. From south to north: 1a, open water; 1b, NEW polynya; and 2a, pack ice (OMIZ: outer marginal ice zone).