Effectiveness of Strengthening Exercises for the Elderly with Low Back Pain to Improve Symptoms and Functions: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Trends in evidence.

References

Study design

Hierarchy level

PEDro score

Quality

Statistical precision

Tendency

Vincent et al., 2014 [20]

RCT

II

7/10

Good

CI = NA

±

Hicks et al., 2012 [31]

Observational study

III-3

4/10

Fair

CI = 95%

Positive

Vincent et al., 2014 [28]

RCT

II

6/10

Good

CI = NA

Positive

CI: confidence intervals, NA: not applicable, positive: significant improvement found, negative: no improvement found, and ±: effect was found but not significant.
value < 0.05 is significant.